Packet Classification: Problem and Resolution

Packet Classification: Problem and Resolution INTRODUCTION This chapter covers the introduction to packet classification. Problems for packet classification, objectives to overcome the problem involved in packet classification, motivation to do the project on packet classification and also the organization of the project. The development of the internet grows for every year, because of the easy access of the internet. The gain of the internet can be obtained through the smartphones, netbooks, notebooks. For processing the packets, network processor is used, and it will carry out the tasks as to convert the packets into fragments, reassembling these fragments, forwarding, encryption and packet classification. Due to increased line rates, pressure is increased on line rates and it in turn pressure on network processor. The pressure can be relieved in two ways: By inserting more processing cores and it increases power consumption. Increasing the clock speed, but it creates difficulty due to the physical limitation in the silicon. So that it can be relieved in two different ways: Insert the clock gating, which reduces the power consumption. Insert the buffer, to form the pipelining and it also increases the speed. 1.1  PROBLEM DEFINITION Network processors are getting more strain, due to more use of internet and the strain needs to be reduce. To give the security for the network packets. To minimize the power required for packet classification. To achieve high speed and also high throughput for packet classification. 1.2  OBJECTIVES Understood the concept of hypercut algorithm for packet classification and also analyzed the flow chart for packet classification. Understood the verilog code and Xilinx tool. Wrote the verilog code for hypercut algorithm. The simulation results for hypercut algorithm is verified in Xilinx tool. Clock gating circuit is inserted in the architecture of the classifier, it reduces the power consumption. Pipelining concept is used in proposed architecture of the classifier and the simulation results are verified in Xilinx. 1.3  MOTIVATION The network traffic is doubling for each six to nine months. Also traditional algorithms are not supporting the increasing network traffic on core and edge devices. Large number of rulesets: Due to increased access of the network, the more services need to be implement in network device, so that more number of rules are needed. It creates the difficulty for classifying the packets. Flexibility: Traditional algorithms are particularly designed for IPV4, so that novel solutions are required to manage both IPV4 and IPV6 addresses. Scalability: As the network services are increasing, there is requirement to add or delete the rules. So that, good scalability is required for packet classification. 1.4  Organization of the thesis The thesis contains 6 chapters Chapter 1, it will covers the introduction of packet classification, problems involved in packet classification, objective to the packet classification and motivation for choosing the packet classification. Chapter 2, it will covers the basics of existing packet classification and also the basics of proposed packet classification. Chapter 3, it will covers the method used to do the packet classification, proposed architecture and also it tells how proposed architecture is better compared to previous algorithms. Chapter 4, it discusses the simulation the simulation results obtained for existing and proposed architecture of the classifier. Chapter 5, it covers the conclusion and future scope of the project. Chapter 6, It lists the reference papers used for literature review of the packet classification. Chapter 2 BASICS It covers the basics of packet classification. It also explains the structure of packet header, brief introduction to internet, the mode of information transmission through the internet, OSI layers, the type of matching, software and hardware implementation of packet classification , Clock gating and pipelining are also discussed. It also covers the review of different packet classification algorithms, by reading this the user can select the algorithm, which is best suit for his application. The internet is a global system. It is consists of inter connected computer networks, which uses the protocols(TCP/IP), to match several billion devices all over the world. It is also termed as networks of network. Access of internet is a process of connecting mobile devices, computers and computer terminals to the internet. Internet access will enables the users to access the internet services such as email and world wide web. Using various technologies, internet service providers will access the internet. A packet is a formatted unit of data, which is carried by the packet switched network. By formatting of the data, the bandwidth of communication medium can be increased. The structure of the packet contains the two varieties of data Control information User data 2.1  Control information This will provide the information, on where to send the data. Example, It provides the source and destination IP addresses, sequencing information and error codes. Fig 2.1 shows the structure of the packet Fig 2.1 structure of the packet 2.2  Payload The maximum size of the packet is 64 K bytes. The payload of the packet is variable. Example IPV4 typically adds the 20 bytes of payload to every packet. The packet is passed through the network using three devices such as hub, switch and router. 2.3  The modes of information transmission through the internet 2.3.1  Hub Hub is a central device, for which all other devices are connected. It is called the star system. It is very simple, when any device sends the data, it will send the data to all other devices and all other devices needs to decide whether the data is belonging to them, if it is not belonging to them, they will ignore it. It will present in physical layer. Fig 2.3.1 shows the structure of the hub. . Fig 2.3.1 shows the structure of the hub 2.3.2  Switch The switch is smarter compared to hub. First it creates the table, which records the IP/MAC addresses of the devices(PC’s) connected together. At the start, when any device sends the data, that time switch will not be knowing the destination IP addresses. So it will forwards the packets to all other devices, which are connected to it and it also records the IP address of the device. Next when packet belonging to those destination IP addresses comes, it will directly forward the packets to destination devices It is present in data link layer of OSI layer. Fig 2.3.2 shows the structure of the switch. 2.3.3  Router It is the smartest device compared to hub and switch. The router will record the address of all the devices which are connected to it. The router will read the information present in packet header and it will decide , where the packet needs to be sent and how to process the packet. It provides the security. While in hub, switch the destination IP address is known, hacker may hack the destination device, it will consider both destination and source IP address of the devices and it will decide whether the source device is hacker or not. If it is hacker, it will deny the packet. Fig 2.3.3 shows the structure of router. Fig 2.3.3 shows the structure of router. 2.4 OSI LAYERS It consist of seven layer Application layer Presentation layer Session layer Transport layer Network layer Data link layer Physical layer The Fig 2.4 for OSI model is shown below as Fig 2.4 OSI layers Application layer: This layer will provide the interface to application programmes. Presentation layer: In this layer , it converts the data from system specific format to the format which is suitable for application. It also provides encryption and compression. Session layer: Which facilitates the starting, managing and ending of connection between the two nodes. Ex: For a video session, it will synchronize the related stream of data such as audio and video. Transport layer: It will break the data into segments It will decide about how much information can be sent to email server and how much information can be received back. The responsibility of transport layer are: Reliability Flow control Fragmentation Network layer: Here the segments are broken into packets by adding the source and destination IP address to them. Next the packets are sent to data link layer. Here router is working in this layer. Data link layer: In this layer, the packets are broken into the frames, which are created for the specific network. The frames are assigned the address of two nodes, the data is moving in between. Physical layer: The frames given by the data link layer are converted into bits in physical medium. UDP: User datagram protocol It is light weight and connectionless. Advantages: The packet size is small. UDP header- 8 bytes TCP header- 20 bytes There is no requirement to create and maintain the connection. It has more control over the data Disadvantages: It does not provide error recovery. It does not compensate for lost data packets. Packets can arrive at out of order, so that data loses meaning. There is no control of congestion. Transmission control Protocol: It is reliable and connection based. Advantages: It delivers the acknowledgements. It provides retransmission. It provides in order delivery. It will delays the transmission when the network is busy. It provides error recovery. Disadvantages: It has bigger header. It doesn’t always get sent out quickly. It is the side effect of congestion. It has bigger overhead. UDP is message oriented It sends the data in distinct chunks. Ex: Email. For multimedia applications, UDP is used, because of these reasons as: It has less overhead. Data loss can be masked. UDP is used in small transmission. It is also used in bandwidth intensive applications, that tolerate packet loss. TCP is stream oriented It can be used in continuous flow of data. Ex: Phone conversation. For text communication, TCP is better. Ex: File transfers, Remote access. TCP is used when delivery acknowledgement are needed. In physical layer, information is transmitted in bit stream using hub. In data link layer information is transmitted in frames using switches. In network layer information is transmitted in packets using router. A router is a device that forwards the packet. A router is connected between two networks namely LAN’s or WAN’s. network processors are specialized CPU, which is optimized to support the implementation of network protocols at maximum speed. The function of network processor is to carry out the tasks such as packet separation, reassembly, encryption and classification. Packet classification is the process of categorizing the packets into flows in internet router. Packet will be classified in network layer. Packet has five fields as shown in fig Source IP address: It indicates the IP address of the sender . Destination IP address: It indicates the IP address of the destination. Source port: It indicates the port number of sender. Destination port: It indicates the port number of destination. Protocol: Which specifies the type of transport packet being carried. The incoming packet to router will matches the specific rule if the distinct field in the packet will match corresponding field in the rule. There are three matches Exact match: The values present in rule field header are same as the values present in packet header. Prefix match: The values of rule field header are prefix for header fields of the packet. Range match: The packet header field values must be lie in the range which is specified by the rule. 2.5  The types of packet classification algorithms Packet classification algorithm can be implemented in two major types Software based Hardware based 2.5.1  Software Implementation This can be used with general purpose processor and network processor. The software based algorithm can be divided into two types as Field dependent Algorithm Field independent Algorithm Field Independent Algorithm: For each field in the rule, these algorithms will build the index table separately. Ex: RFC Field dependent Algorithm: In these algorithm, the fields of the rule will be matched in dependent manner and there is no need to group the result in final stage. The memory requirement for these algorithms is less than field independent algorithms. Ex: Hypercut, Hicut 2.5.2  Hardware based implementation This is used with ASIC or with FPGA. This implementation is used with internet routers for the high speed that supports to handle the packet. The reasons to use software implementation Programmability: ASIC architectures has small Programming capacity, Because ASICs have special design. Special chips: To accelerate the packet processing speed, special chips called TCAMS are used. The proposed algorithm uses clock gating circuit to reduce power consumption and pipelining to increase the speed. 2.6  Clock gating Clock gating is a technique, which is used in synchronous circuits to minimize the power consumption. This technique is used to prune the clock, it disables the port of the circuitary, so that flip flops present in the circuitry will not switch the states. When switching is absent, the dynamic power consumption is reduced, but the leakage currents are present. Clock gating works by taking the enable signal of the circuitry, so that flip flops or devices present in latches will not switch the states, so that switching power reduces. So it is necessary to have enable conditions in order to get benefit from clock gating. The clock gating saves the power. Clock gating can be added in two ways: By writing the RTL code, the synthesis tool automatically translates the RTL code into clock gating logic. In order to gate the clock of specific modules or registers manually clock gating circuit can be inserted by instantiating library the specific ICG cells. Using automated the clock gating tools, clock gating is inserted in semi automatic fashion. These tools will insert ICG cells to RTL code or directly add the enable conditions to RTL code. 2.7  Pipelining It is group of data processing elements, which are connected in series, so that output of one element is the input to next element. We build a pipeline by dividing the complex operation into simple operation. Here instead of taking bulk thing and executing it, the bulk thing is break up into smaller pieces and process it one after another. For example Consider a calculation c= log(|a+b|), which consist of three operations, which are shown in fig 2.7. Fig 2.7 Pipelining example Add a and b to get a+b, it takes 40ns. Take the magnitude, we get as |a+b|, it takes 35 ns. Take the log we get as log(|a+b|), it takes 60ns. Consider a situation when we need to carry out for 100 such pairs. Without pipelining , it would take a total of 100*135= 13500ns. By realization, it is found that it is whole sequential process. Let the values evaluated to be a1 to a100 and we need to add values to be b1 to b100. In first evaluation, ( a1+b1)is calculated, In next evaluation, |a1+b1|,(a2+b2) is calculated, in third evaluation log|a1+b1|,|a2+b2|, ( a3+b3) is evaluated. After the first output data that is log|(a1+b1)|, the subsequent outputs are log|(a2+b2)|, log|(a3+ b3)| will now start arriving at a gap of 60ns . All the 100 inputs can be applied in 199*60=5940ns and the total time taken to evaluate 100 data will be 5940+180= 6120ns. This time is half compared without pipelining. This process of evaluation is called pipelinlng. 2.8 Literature review Algorithms are classified in 4 classes: Basic structures Geometry based Heuristics Hardware based 2.8.1  Basic structures a. Linear search: This algorithm[1], is very simple. It contains all the rules. Here each packet is matched opposite to all the rules until the corresponding fields of the packet should match to the rule. Although, it is simple, it is not widely used. Because, it takes the large time for matching with the rule. Consider N is the number of rules, â€Å"the worst case space and time complexity is O(N),where O is the order and N is the number of rules. Fig below shows the linear structure. Fig 2.8.1.a Linear search algorithm b. Hierarchial trie: It is an extension part of the binary trie. By using the individual bits of the search key, the branches of the trie can be traversed. In the d dimensional hierarchial trie[2], first bulid the one dimensional hierarchial trie which is called F1 trie. Foe each prefix P in the F1 trie, there is a recursively (d-1) dimensional hierarchial tries are present(Tp). For example, if the data structure is 2 dimensional the only one F1 trie is present. Hierarchial tries are also termed as multilevel tries or backtracking tries or tries of trie. Womens Roles in Anime: The Reflection of Japanese Society Womens Roles in Anime: The Reflection of Japanese Society What do the portrayals of women in Japanese animation reveal about the role of women in Japanese society today? The role of women in Japanese culture is an important topic amongst when discussing contemporary Japan. While it is important to consider traditional methods of analysis that come from statistics and surveys, you also need to look at how popular culture defines the modern Japanese woman. Japanese animation can provide a tool to analysis of the role of women in Japanese society. Through looking at women and they are portrayed in Japanese animation over the decade, we can begin to see the role of women in contemporary Japanese society. The purpose of this discussion is to determine a connection between Japanese animation (a form of popular culture) and the role of women (whether this role is shifting or remaining conservative) in contemporary Japanese society. In order to understand the link between Japanese animation and society, it is important to consider the meaning of these terms and how they relate to each other. Martinez defines popular culture as the culture of the masses; which does apply to the Japanese culture. Nevertheless, other opinions raise the point to how popular culture is a problematic term when translating it into the Japanese context. According to Hidetoshi Kato, a Japanese scholar, the term popular culture as taishu bunka; translates into mass culture. However, Martinezs definition is a middle of the road definition for the terms offered by Kato. In addition, Martinez defines the anthropology of popular culture as the study of the interaction between the apparently separate realms of the material and the symbolic. Other anthropologist such as Roger Buckley agrees with Martinez, stating that popular culture should tell us something about contemporary Japanese behavior. The images presented by Japanese animation including its related cousin, manga, or Japanese comics have helped shape the identity of modern Japanese women. Japanese animation, or anime, is useful when studying the role of women in society. Popular culture serves to reflect and instigate change in Japanese society, by observing the changes and themes in anime, these trends are identifiable. Popular culture also helps one to understand the dynamics of Japanese society and culture. While the behaviors identified are not Japanese, such as conformity, loyalty and deference8, there are certain subtle undertones that make themes and characters that make them Japanese. Lastly, Japanese animation industry caters for both sexes across a wide age group. This is important, because unlike the animation industry in the United States whereupon childrens programming is largely aimed at young boys. Japanese animation makes it possible to gain an insight into the role of women in society because both sexes views are represented. This provides a foundation for observing how the role of women in Japanese society can be studied through examining their role in Japanese animation. Japanese animation is interesting to study when observing the roles of gender because of the way it written for diverse tastes and it differs from Western animation. Anime has often been described as edgy, provocative, and documentary-like; these industry buzzwords describe anime as a different expression of animation, when it is not. In reality, the Japanese have embraced animation as an expression that goes beyond the standard set by Disney. Anime includes animation catered for all age groups. Anime content ranges from superb works to trashy soap operas or pornography; however, they play an important role in Japans popular culture by providing a legacy of past ideals. Respected writer Frederik Schodt has split the anime available into two distinct halves as defined by the gender, Boys comic [shonen] anime carefully balance suspense with humor, dramatic stories of sports, adventure, ghosts, science fiction, and school life. Girls comic anime [shojo] also strive for balance but are distinguished by their tales of idealized love. Given the range to choose from, it is important to analyze a number of sources to see how anime reflects the position of women in Japanese society, but to examine them with an open mind. Reaction to anime has been filled with distaste. Film critics have both embraced and criticized Japanese animation. Mamorum Oshiis theatrical adaption of Shirow Masamunes Ghost in the Shell, regarded as a movie that questions what it is that makes us human by many, has been lauded as a spectacular-looking Japanese animated film, but like so many of its kind, involves a confusing narrative and peculiar metaphysics that reduce interest16. To avoid generalizations it is important to look at works from a several genres to how anime portrays Japanese women in society. To observe the role of women as portrayed in anime with a female-specific target audience, Komodo no Omocha (1996) will be used to analyzed. To see how women are being represented in anime that is targeted at a male demographic, Dragon Ball Z (199?) will form the basis of analysis. Finally, a recent work from Japans most respected and successful animation studio today, Studio Ghibli, will be analyzed Mononoke Hime (1997). The importance of studying Studio Ghiblis work is to see how women are portrayed by an animation studio whose works reach a very wide audience, that typically cross the gender and age boundaries. While this analysis will not prove to be the final answer, it will prove an interesting investigation when considering what images of femininity have been projected onto Japanese society over the past decade. Kodomo no Omocha was a popular series that aired on Japanese television in the mid 1990 is, compared to many shojo anime, Kodomo no Omocha is radical, though it is by far not the only one. The story is a comedy fused with typical shojo elements love interests, and pretty artwork. The female lead is a young girl named Sana, who lives with her eccentric, but loving, mother and Rei, her personal manager. Unlike other female characters that will be analyzed, Sana is loud, outspoken and is not intimidated by anyone. She is works hard to do her best at her job (she is a famous star of a childrens TV program), friends and family. While she exhibits traditionally female qualities, she is not the stereotypical wholly subservient female character. Even though she is only a child, she stresses the importance of her job. Her mother is another strong female role within the anime. She is intelligent, in control and the men are more likely to be subservient to her than anything else is. Other fema les in the show lean towards conservative Japan, such as when Sanas female teacher cries and runs to another male teacher for assistance whenever the class acts up. The male characters are traditionally empowered, though like many a shojo anime, have soft sides to their personalities. The depiction of the two main female characters, Sana and her mother, offer an insight into the modern Japanese woman as having the capacity to be strong, yet gentle and compassionate. Dragon Ball Z offers an interesting insight into the portrayal of women in anime aimed at a male demographic. The reason this is an interesting series to look at is its popularity and the way it portrays gender roles. Women are portrayed in few roles in this anime. The female roles are dismally backwards. Dragon Ball Z has portrayed the role of women as subservient/secondary at their core. It has pointed out that fundamental beliefs about gender roles are difficult to change in any society, including Japans, The show is very male-centric, emphasizing strength, discipline and hard work as the key to being successful in the world. On the other hand, this is a martial arts anime, so this should not be a surprising aspect. One of the women who appear regularly is the protagonists female friend Bulma, an intelligent scientist. Bulma is a gifted inventor and often creates something that will aid her group of friends in whatever plight they are in. Bulma is portrayed as a confident, intelli gent woman who, while not of equal status, remains an important part of the team. However, when she is put in a position of danger, she falls into the damsel in distress stereotype all too common in male-orientated anime. She is rescued one way or another, but is often the least of the groups priorities she is often rescued as an after-thought, as opposed to being a genuine critical concern. This is a good example of what Eri Izawa determines as the Unequal Relationship genre, where women are second to men in a world dominated by patriarchy. Hayao Miyazaki and Isao Takahata founded studio Ghibli in 1985. The importance with studying work by Studio Ghibli is because their productions (which are theatrical) have such widespread appeal in Japanese society. A large number of Japans populace sees the stories that are created here. The films cross the divides of age and gender. The movie that is I am looking at is Mononoke Hime. It grossed approximately US$150 million at the box office, beaten only by Titanic. In Mononoke Hime, the story centers on three principle characters San, the Wolf Princess, Lady Eboshi and prince Ashitaka, the pillar between which these two women are placed. One of interesting strengths of this film is the way in which the opposing characters, San and Lady Eboshi, are portrayed. Both are strong, powerful women, sure of themselves and their world. Lady Eboshi is a superlative example of the new woman of Japan. She is in charge of a profitable ironworks that employs people regarded as beneath society (prostitutes and lepers), leading by compassion, returning dignity and purpose to their lives. San is the other extreme; she lives in the forest of the Deer God, raised by the great wolf gods who dwell there. San is a strong female character who follows a more natural way of life; as opposed to the entrepreneurial mindset of Lady Eboshi, San is dedicated to preserving the forest and the creatures that dwell within. Miyazaki is portraying the capacity of women to be strong, competent and successful. San represents the capacity of women to be strong in the dwelling of the traditional while Lady Eboshi is an example of how women can be successful and entrepreneurial in the face of modernization. From three examples, it is easy to see these reflections on the role of women are present in contemporary Japanese society. Martinez admits that it is difficult to discover what the true role of Japanese women in Japanese society are in a perceived country where men are still dominant [and] Japanese women are held to be gentle, submissive and beautiful. Historically, Japanese womens suffrage was achieved in 1945 and it is noted that while Japanese women may be able to find jobs, it is far more difficult to find careers, even today. However, public opinion is changing. There is clear that the role of women in Japan is no longer the traditional housewife/mother. Surveys by the Prime Ministers Office in 1987 and 1995 show a shift in public opinion of women, while in 1987 over 50% of the men surveyed agreed with the traditional role of women in Japan, by 1995 the percentage had dropped to 33%. The state of Japanese animation over the past decade reveals a relative parallel between the co ntent of Japanese animation and these results. The role of women in anime such as Kodomo no Omocha gives girls a role model unlike the traditionally submissive, quiet woman in the face of Sanas eccentric, enthusiastic nature that is rewarded by success. Studio Ghiblis films have portrayed women as equal, confident and able to take charge in their lives. Anime aimed at boys retain the portrayal of women as bystanders, whether it be the token damsel in distress or cheerleader. However, that is changing; Japanese animation aimed at the boys has begun to portray women beyond this traditional stereotype. Several productions such as Ranma 1/2 and Love Hina offered a cast of characters that serve to put women on equal ground as men in some cases, though there is still the re-enforcement of traditional gender roles. Japanese animation is an established form of pop culture. It is consumed by both sexes and across all age groups, and offers a series of representations of women. While it has become apparent through observing trends in Japanese animation and contemporary Japanese society is an apparent shift, however, it is important to identify that the traditional role of women will probably always manifest itself in pop culture. This is because the traditional role of women is an option, just as choosing a career or being entrepreneurial are choices. What is encouraging to see is that those choices are being represented, either directly or indirectly, in anime. It speaks well for the future of Japanese society as alternative roles of women are being portrayed for both sexes in the culture of the masses. Reference: Martinez, D.P. (1998). The Worlds of Japanese popular culture: gender, shifting boundaries [UK, Cambridge UP, p. 3]. Hidetoshi, K. (1989). Some Thoughts on Japanese popular culture. Richard Gid Powers Hidetoshi, K. (1989). Handbook of Japanese popular culture. Greenwood Press. Buckley, R. (1990). Japan today. Cambridge: UP. Schodt, F.L. (1983). Manga! manga! the world of japanese comics. USA: Kodansha. Izawa, E. (2001). Japanese manga and animation: gender relations in manga and anime. Retrieved from http://www.uncc.edu/~medmoto/3209/anime/gender.html (abridged) Robertson, J. (1998). Takarazuka: sexual politics and popular culture in modern japan. University of California. Dimensions of Japanese society: gender, margins and mainstream. Great Britain: Macmillan Press Ltd.

Inuits of Greenland: An Adaptive Society Essay -- Geography Geographic

Inuits of Greenland: An Adaptive Society In a world far different from our own in the Northern Hemisphere lies an indigenous society known as the Inuits. Specifically focusing on the Inuits of Greenland these people have adopted various risk management strategies which has enabled them to survive in a harsh arctic environment. In indigenous cultures, their well-being and sustainability is managed through control of population growth like most present day indigenous societies have been influenced by western ideas and technologies, in which some of these influences have been beneficial while other western influences have threatened their traditional way of life. The Inuits or â€Å"Kalaallit† are the native people of Greenland, they have lived there for almost one thousand years. Today Greenland’s population is around 55,000, 85 percent of whom are Inuit (Caulfield:1997,1). The national language is Greenlandic, which is an branch of Inupik, or Eskimo language. There are three dialects according to the region in which they are spoken, such as West Greenlandic, East Greenlandic and Polar-Eskimo. Hunting, along with fishing is fundamental to their livelihood. Today, the Inuits are highly dependent on traditional methods of obtaining food through hunting and fishing. Inuits were first introduced to Westerners in the Thirteenth century. The encounters began between the Norse colonists on Western shore and Inuit hunters. During the 17th and 18th centuries, traders returned to Europe with many artifacts from the Inuits. They also took these indigenous people as slaves, stolen from their native land to be put on display. The Inuits were viewed as heavy but happy people surviving in a rough environment. These i... ...Wendell H., Eskimos and Explorers. Novato, California: Chandler and Sharp Publishers, Inc., 1979. Lamblin, Robert Joelle, â€Å"Socio-demographic situation of the Yuit and Inuit Eskimos and Chukchis of Chukotka.† Etudes/Inuit/Studies, v. 17 (2): pp.73-96, 1993. Silis, Ivars. â€Å"Narwhal Hunters of Greenland.† National Geographic v.165: pp. 520-539, 1984. Smith, Eric A., Smith Abigail S., Inuit Sex-Ratio Variation, Population Control, Ethnographic Error, or Parent Manipulation.† Current Anthropology, v.35 Dec. Dec.1994, p.595-604. Weissner, Polly, â€Å"Risk, Reciprocity and Social influences on !Kung San Economics.† Course packet, p.43-55. Britannica Encyclopedia Online. http://www.Encyclopedia Britannica Encarta Encyclopedia Online Deluxe. http://www.encarta.com Greenland Guide.http://www.greenland-guide.com

Environmental Scan Essay

INTRODUCTION This paper will depict research of the internal and external environments of Target Corporation and Cessna Aviation Company through environmental scanning. By performing a SWOT Analysis, a resolution of the competitive advantages will be made of both companies and the strategies that they are using. The environmental scan of these organizations will include information on how each one creates value and sustainability of competitive advantages through the use of business strategy. The paper will explain the measurement guidelines that the organizations use to verify their strategic effectiveness. The paper will also explain just how effective each company’s use of their measurement guidelines is. TARGET Target Corporation is the second most successful retailing company in the United States. While the company offers services in the credit card segment, its retail segment is probably the most recognizable one. Below is an S (strengths), W (weaknesses), O (opportunities) and T (threat) analysis of the company (Mbaskool, 2014) (Mbaskool, 2014) Target Corporation is easily recognized by its famous red and white logo. Since its foundation in Minneapolis, Minnesota in 1902, it operates now in every state with the exception of Vermont. Unlike Wal-Mart, the company was slow expanding over the United States borders. On March 04, 2009, Target broke the trend and started to venture internationally. Financially, the company is strong and is now listed as the 36th company on the 2014 Fortune 500 report (Fortune 500, 2014). Strangely, the store is considered by many to be a boring store, for it does not play music in its  stores. Meanwhile, the company has experienced difficulties preventing criminal activities such as theft on its properties. Target faces stiff competition from Wal-Mart and K-mart. A couple of allegations are threatening the reputation of the company and the products that it sells. Government regulations are targeting sales of materials containing polyvinyl Chloride. Also, in 2009, the company was slapped with a lawsuit from the 20 California District Attorneys for illegal waste dumping. The company has long been known for its high-price products. However, it achieved competitive advantage through differentiation in innovation. Target has been able to offer products with unique characteristics. Customers justify the high price with the quality and differentiation associated with the products. CESSNA AIRCRAFT COMPANY For eighty years, Cessna Aircraft Company has become a pioneer in the aviation industry. Currently Cessna is a subsidiary of Textron, which acquired Cessna in 1992. The focus is Cessna growing to become the largest aircraft manufacture developing more aircraft in the air than any competitor. The start of Cessna began with Clyde Cessna developing the desire to fly in 1911. Cessna began operation as the founder in 1927 building the Cessna A-series. Innovation fueled Clyde Cessna to continue to develop and remain aggressive in manufacturing aircraft until retiring in 1936. The obstacles Clyde set forth to overcome were many and through the process many resources became allies through the further development of powered aircraft (Cessna, About, 2012). Through the start of manufacturing Clyde Cessna had a main strength to enter the aviation field, which is the desire to fly. The other strengths that Clyde had through his start were the ability of operating a farm and car lot. Mechanically inclined from the working on motors of the farm equipment and vehicles gave Clyde further development to chase the aviation dream. Innovation to design a better airplane Clyde spent his life savings to obtain a copy of a Queen Aero plane Company design of the Bleriot XI fuselage. The Cessna family in 1916 began to resource with Walter Beech (Beech craft), Lloyd Stearman (Boeing), and others (Cessna, News Releases, 2011). INTERNAL Thorough the interaction of establishing valuable resources Clyde could overcome the weaknesses of psychological criticism from others. Even though Clyde was fascinated with the aviation industry starting, Clyde continued to design the monoplane until he accomplished successful manufacturing of an aircraft of mechanical power. By the time Clyde was stepping down from the company, he had brought the first seaplane into operation. The constant innovation kept the company from many weaknesses and boosted Cessna into the industry. EXTERNAL Cessna found many opportunities innovating in the aviation industry, paving the way into the future of the Cessna Company. Through the struggles of becoming an establishment in aviation Cessna became more knowledgeable with the social, technological, economic, and environmental aspects of the business. Understanding and growing the opportunities within the aviation industry brought much success.   The success of Cessna became a threat in its own because the aviation was just starting out. Competition from other resources in the industry would guide Cessna toward documentation of the many innovative ideas set in the company. The alliances with different organizations also indeed gave Cessna the opportunities to advance competitively. One example of an alliance is the current parent company Textron who started out as an external alliance and is currently a major factor in the internal operations of Cessna. Through the alliances Cessna has grown into a company known for first class bu siness travel for others that buy and invest in Cessna. CONCLUSION In conclusion, an environmental scan benefits an organization by pointing out their competitive advantages, disadvantages, and how they are measured. Performing a simple SWOT analysis helps determine their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to improve the sustainability of the organization. The information that it provides helps determine future business strategy. It can show how it is measured and how effectively it is working for the company. Both companies mentioned in this paper are doing well with their current business strategy, but environmental scanning is something that should be done periodically in order to maintain their success. The text states that â€Å"A strategist can analyze any industry by rating each competitive force as high, medium, or low in strength.† (Wheelen & Hunger, 2010). Many companies used these tools to verify its strategic  effectiveness. Rapidly changing external environment requires that upper management not only make quick decisions but also educated ones based on concrete data. Environmental scanning is an integral part of any successful strategic planning. This paper shows the different measurement guidelines at the disposition of the company to verify strategy effectiveness. References Carpenter, M. A., & Sanders, W. G. (2009). Strategic management: A dynamic perspective concepts and cases (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Cessna (2011). News Releases. Retrieved from http://www.cessna.com/NewReleases/New/NewReleaseNum-1192344130761.html Cessna (2012). About Cessna. Retrieved from http://www.cessna.com/ Fortune (2014). Fortune 500 2014. Retrieved from: http://fortune.com/fortune500/unitedhealth-group-incorporated-14/ Mbaskool (2104). SWOT Analysis of Target Corporation. Retrieved from http://www.mbaskool.com/brandguide/lifestyle-and-retail/4911-target-corporation.html Wheelen, T. L., & Hunger, D. (2010). _Concepts in Strategic Management and Business Policy: Achieving Sustainability_ (12th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall.

The Legal Establishment Of Two Individuals Creating Vows

The legal establishment of two individuals creating vows to commit to each other defines what marriage is, it may just be more than just the paperwork and the ceremonies; but two people having a mindset and a lifestyle with another person in their interest. It could be affection, or it could be expectation like it was centuries ago. Either way, a relationship between a man and a woman creating vows and committing to each other begin and end with specific expectations, a lifestyle change, and somebodies â€Å"perfect image† of that special someone. Today, being married means a lot to live up too; loyalty, dependability, cooperation, and a joined effort especially within the household. Lifestyles may change whether it’s the man or the wife and it can depend on who has the money, the job, and the ability to survive. Meaning one or the other have to be willing to live differently for their special someone. Also most of the time, usually by the man, a person is imagined in t heir heads the â€Å"perfect person† who they are married too.. First, a marriage begins with expectations especially in the 20th through the 21st century. Like the movies describe, woman stays home raising the kids, making dinner, making sure the house is clean, and taking care of her husband while he works and earns the money to survive and keep the household running. These expectations can be hard to live up too when it’s not in someone’s favor, which can cause a problem. In Kate Chopin’s The Story of an Hour, Mrs.Show MoreRelatedChanges Law Of Same Sex Marriage1624 Words   |  7 Pagesthat could be done for individuals who wanted to involve in same sex relationships at first, but with the increased debate, there have been several movements towards same sex marriage. This essay looks at the changes in law for the Australians that allow same sex marriage to take place. 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How the US deals with the flow of immigrants directly affects the countries security and economy.† This opening statement made in the video â€Å"Immigration Policy and the Presidential election† produced by Hagit Ariav and Jeremy Sherlick in October 2015 for the Council of Foreign Relations expresses why immigration is an everRead MoreSeparation of Church and State3865 Words   |  16 PagesSeparation of Church and State in Order To Form a More Perfect Union Politics makes strange bedfellows,1 Never have there been two more inappropriate, yet understandable bedfellows than religion and politics. Both of these great forces in our lives, at least on the surface, claim to be about us or for us, and certainly necessary for a better life for all.   Genuinely though, both of these institutions have become to be about power and control: for these reasons alone they try and lie togetherRead MoreCritical Analysis Of Legal Regime For The Better Future Of Children Essay6622 Words   |  27 PagesCritical Analysis of Legal Regime for the better Future of Children â€Å"Childhood shows the man As morning shows the day† -John Milton in ‘Paradise Regained ’ Abstract Children like mirror, which reflect the future image of a nation. Children are not only the future of any nation but also strength in reserve. 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Essay on Advertising and Obesity in America - 2871 Words

The fast food industry is one of the largest sectors of the United States economy. Companies such as Burger King, Wendys, Taco Bell, McDonalds and KFC have all become household names. Each of these companies operates under a similar mission statement: to serve a quick, filling meal for a very low cost. The primary marketing medium for these companies is television where via commercials, they can portray both their products and a lifestyle. Their intense advertising focus on minorities and children, however, has begun to exacerbate the epidemic of obesity that is sweeping our nation. Fast foods televised advertising is a significant contributor to obesity in todays minority youth. By promoting unhealthy tendencies and†¦show more content†¦Of that $486.3 million spent on commercials, just under half was focused on advertisements directly targeting children. Another analysis recently found that ?US companies spent $3.5 billion on fast-food advertisements.? The problem i s not just the advertising alone, but rather the amount of advertising that its? target audiences are subjected to. The average adult watches close to 1,500 hours of television each year; the average child watching just over 3 hours daily. This accumulates to the average child watching over 20,000 commercials each year (Singer 447). Fast food advertisers have also known children should be a separate, focused advertising market since the 1960?s and that often, the restaurant choice is made by the child, and then paid for by the adult (Singer 449). Because ?[children] lack the ability to differentiate between commercial and non-commercial content? they are vulnerable to the advertising of these companies (Lancet 2064). Moreover, by fast food chains convincing the youth worldwide that their food is the best tasting and the most fun to eat, they are creating a subconscious attraction to their company with the child. People that grew up with fast food advertising have a subconsciou s connection to the restaurant that they ate at as a child. This discreet bond also quickly penetrates children?s minds, and affects their decision to choose a meal. In 2007, The Food Commission published a study that reported ?half of 9-10Show MoreRelatedDoes Advertising Unhealthy Food to Children in America Cause Obesity?2106 Words   |  9 PagesDoes Advertising Unhealthy Food to Children in America Cause Obesity? Executive Summary Since the 1970’s the United States has been witness to a growing epidemic of childhood obesity tripling and in some instances quadrupling. Due to this major health concern it is believed that the advertising of unhealthy foods is the cause of childhood obesity in America. Majority of the advertising is done via television, which promotes fast food or â€Å"junk food† and is usually lowRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects On Children1188 Words   |  5 Pagesbetween childhood obesity and advertising. There has been a rise in childhood obesity in the past few years and many believe, and have evidence to support, that it is partly because of unregulated advertisements aimed towards children. The health of a child is very important childhood obesity is something to be concerned about. The definition of childhood obesity is: having a body mass index above the normal range for age and sex in children. The definition of childhood obesity may not sound veryRead MoreObesi ty : Obesity And Obesity1472 Words   |  6 PagesObesity in our society continues to grow at an alarming rate. 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Obesity cannot be traced back to a single factor, but rather many aspects have contributed to the rise of obesity inRead MoreChildhood Obesity Affects The Children s Emotional Health1717 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood obesity has been a crucial global concern for the past years, especially in the United States. Obesity within children has become a concern because it can develop multiple health risks. Although some of the health risks can be treated, there are many that could follow them for a lifetime. Some of the health risks could be minor, but many of the health issues are deadly. Childhood obesity has been related to affecting the majority of the child’s main body systems. For example, childhoodRead MoreThe Effects Of Advertising On Children s Obesity Rate1056 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effect of Advertising on Children’s Obesity Rate It has come down to this, there is an obesity epidemic. It s like people can’t stop themselves from eating so much. 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Unfortunately, it has taken an excessive amount of Americans to becomeRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Developing Problem1197 Words   |  5 PagesObesity in America is a developing problem, and not just in adults. Today, one in three American children and teens are either overweight or obese; almost triple the rate previously in 1963. Child obesity has expeditiously become one of the most genuine health challenges of the 21st century (â€Å"10 Surprising Facts About Childhood Obesity†). Physical inactivity, race, junk food in schools, the mass media, and the child’s pare nts flaws are all factors that have resulted in the prevalence of childhoodRead MoreThe Effects Of Advertising On The United States991 Words   |  4 PagesNine hundred sixty three million dollars was spent this year by McDonalds on advertising. This is up 8 percent from last year. The sad truth is that the number of fast-food ads produced each year is increasing, as well as the percentage of obese people in the United States. Advertisements of high in sugar and calorie foods are almost directly related to obesity within America. There needs to be a stop to this epidemic. Companies spend vast amounts of money to put out an enormous amount of ads. ManyRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Obesity Essay1740 Words   |  7 PagesIn America right now, more 68.8% of Americans are considered to be overweight or obese. About half are obese, with a number close to 35.7%. And even worse, more than 6.3% percent of America’s population has extreme obesity. These statistics keep rising, with a prediction that all fifty states will have obesity rates above 44% by 2030, with some as high as 66.7% (Hellmich). So what is obesity? Obesity is defined as being about thirty pounds over a healthy weight. The â€Å"healthy weight† depends on several

Fate The King The Theme Of Fate - 903 Words

In Oedipus the king the theme of fate is a crucial element that carries through the entire tragic play. It decides everything that leads up to the crucial events just like in real life, we each have a fate that we must meet.. No matter what, you can not escape your fate and pre determined destiny. His life was pre determined from birth and was given tragic life by the Gods. He was chosen for a specific reason to have this fate and learning how to cope and handle this throughout the play. Fate is a crucial element that often occurs frequently in Greek writing. Throughout the play Oedipus tries to change his fate. He found out that no matter what he did that his fate was sealed and there was no escaping that fate. His fate was predicted down to, he would kill his father, Laius and marry and have sexual relations with his mother, Jocasta. Oedipus wants to invade this entire situation once he learns what his fate is told to be by three oracles. â€Å"OEDIPUS Let the storm burst, my fixed resolve still holds,To learn my lineage, be it ne er so low.It may be she with all a woman s pride Thinks scorn of my base parentage. But I Who rank myself as Fortune s favorite child,The giver of good gifts, shall not be shamed. She is my mother and the changing moons My brethren, and with them I wax and wane. Thus sprung why should I fear to trace my birth? Nothing can make me other than I am. (1077-1086) (Shmoop).† Oedipus is trying his hardest to escape this fate. Oedipus had aShow MoreRelatedFate : The King The Theme Of Fate1068 Words   |  5 PagesOedipus the King the theme of fate is a crucial element that carries throughout the entire tragic play. It decides everything that leads up to the crucial events just like in real life, we each have a fate that we must meet.. No matter what, you cannot escape your fate and predetermined destiny. His life was predetermined from birth and was given tragic life by the Gods. He was chosen for a specific reason to have this fate and learning how to cope and handle this throughout the play. Fate is a crucialRead MoreTheme Of Fate In Oedipus The King778 Words   |  4 PagesThe greek myth told by Sophocles, Oedipus The King. Along with George Lucas’s popular modern film The Empire Strikes Back, a part of the Star Wars trilogy address questions that have been prevalent from the Ancient greeks and are still being pondered today. Both tales address Fate. In Oedipus The King, our protagonist Oedipus is constantly living with dreadful prophecies that are inevitable to prevent. While Luke Skywalker deals with his fate to become a Jedi Master. Likewise these stories deal withRead MoreThemes Of Guilt In Macbeth711 Words   |  3 PagesMacbeth is a story written by Shakespear filled with many different themes. These themes are statements about life and human nature. Some of the most important themes are guilt, things are not what they seem, fate versus free will, and nature versus the unnatural. All of these themes were important to us and the story. The first theme of guilt is a message that says that you should not commit wrong doing and suffer the consequences. In Macbeth guilt is shown in many different ways but one of theRead MoreMacbeth Theme Essay1329 Words   |  6 Pageswife kill the king of Scotland so Macbeth can become king. As a result, of the witches since they told him about the prophecy and how he would become king. He eventually does more evil things which fills Lady Macbeth with guilt. She ends up killing herself and Macbeth ends up dying. In the play, there are numerous of themes that you can see and examples that you can find. There are five themes that we have discussed in class which are ambition, guilt, things are not what they seem, fate versus freeRead MoreA Comparative of Shakespeares Othello and Oedipus Rex1511 Words   |  6 Pagescharacter in Oedipus Rex, is characterized as a tragic hero when he tries to run away from his fate and finds out that the cause of his fate was his attempt to escape it. O edipus Rex and Othello share a common thematic link in fact that both main characters meet the qualifications of a tragic hero at some point, the differences in how they meet Aristotle’s definition of a tragic hero also create themes unique to each. Othello and Oedipus are similar in the requirements to be tragic heroes of havingRead MoreFate And Fate In Sir Gawain And The Green Knight741 Words   |  3 PagesFate, many people believe in it, while others believe that it is completely untrue. There is an unstoppable force about fate, no matter what someone does fate will take its course. Throughout many stories a characters fate is illustrated at the end of the story, but sometimes their fate may have a positive or negative effect. In the epic poem Beowulf, the hero battles many enemies and at the same time discovering his destinies. In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Gawain must be able to meet hisRead MoreAllusion In Antigone And Cleopatra826 Words   |  4 PagesDanaà « and Cleopatra, two royal women who suffered similar fates to Antigone, the chorus sympathizes with her.   In the first stanza of the ode, they allude to Danaà «, saying â€Å"even she endured a fate like yours, / (. . .) buried within her tomb† (1 036-1040).   Through this allusion to Perseus’s mother, who suffered in an underwater tower, the chorus praises Antigone for her fortitude and shows their support for her through their horror for her fate.   When they reference â€Å"the princes doomed at birth/ andRead MoreMacbeth Themes899 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"What are the major themes in Macbeth† By Connor Maguire William Shakespeare’s Macbeth a play complete with many themes and viewpoints. The themes are exhibited by the main characters of the play, notably antagonist Macbeth. 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Case Study of Hullaballo- Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Analyse Complex Ethical Problems Similar to Those Which You Might Encounter in the IT Industry. Answer: Introduction The following case study is all about Hullaballo.com which is a new arrival in the online news business industry. This business is setup in a country that overlook laws stated by international bodies governing various subjects like protection of privacy and censorship. A recent graduate Jimmy Olsen form the IT department off Griffith University is looking for a job. By somehow he come across an ad for web developer by Hullaballoo.com. Jimmy is successful in securing a job as a web developer in the firm and the pay is quite enough for the job. Hullaballoo has a bad image in front of its clients. Jimmy needed the job so he swallow his concern and carried on developing websites for this fake news service firm. As jimmy is a tech guy, he decided to check the background of this website. On checking he found that this website is paid a good amount of money for spreading false new stories. This news firm is gets money to spread positive news for the client and negative news for the competitors of the client. This particular business firm introduced the concept of Native Advertising. After that Jimmy left the job and joined an ecommerce firm where he has a conflict with his boss Alec on judging the performance of his two developers. After that Jimmy again left the job and joined a competitor firm where he is treated with expensive meal and fine wine. Analysis Legal factors Factor 1 Unethical news in the following case study, the online news firm Hullaballoo.com gets money to spread positive publicity for their client and negative publicity for the competitor of the client. The term Native Advertising is introduced to Jimmy which focuses to create false advertisement as a news. Native Advertising is nothing but a response to large number of people using ad blockers on their web browsers. This is a legal factor as per the Broadcasting Services Act 1992 which govern working of news channel. Factor 2, Confidentiality and Privacy in the case study, Jimmy decided to do some digging into the background of this online news firm Hullaballoo.com. During his digging he found that one his employer has connection with a marketing firm with various clients ranging from political parties to advertising firms. These advertising agencies and political parties has the business of selling consumer service and goods. This is a legal factor as per the federal Privacy Act 1988 of Australia which govern the confidentiality and privacy of different firms. Factor 3, Code of Ethical Conduct in the case study, Hullaballoo.com parent firm has created a database that receive required data from its surroundings. This database is known as The Reaper. This new database system is quite helpful as it allow advertisers and marketers to conduct campaigns as per the requirement. Jimmy suggested his boss that his database is not safe for the people across the globe as it stores important information. Any hacker can demand a ransom against this information. This is a legal factor as per the federal Privacy Act 1988of Australia. Professional factors Factor 4, Misconduct in the following case study, Jimmy who is an IT graduate from Griffith University suggested his boss that The Reaper is not a good idea. Jimmy refuses to work on the terms and condition of his boss from Hullaballo.com. This is a professional factor as per the sections 68 and 69 of the Legal Practitioners Act 1981 of Australia. Factor 5, Freedom in Workplace in the case study, Jimmy is abandoned from placing his thought in the organization like Hullaballoo.com. Jimmy suggested his boss that the information entered by the user might help the organisation in offering deals and offers to them. His boss did not agree with him. This is a professional factor as per the Workplace RelationsAct1996of Australia. Factor 6, Conflict in the case study, after getting a job in an ecommerce firm Jimmy has a conflict with his boss Alec. The issue was judging the performance of a developer name Dev A. This is a professional factor as he has a conflict with his boss. Employment and Social factors Factor 6, Work experience in the following case study, Jimmy work experience from the reaper data collection project has qualified him for the job in the new ecommerce firm. This is an employment factor because Jimmy is connected to the notorious reaper incident. Factor 7, Getting ahead in the case study, Jimmy has a conflict with his previous boss from online news firm. After that, he left the firm and joined a full- time position in an ecommerce firm located in his home city. This is an employment factor as he left one firm and joined another. Factor 8, Stepping out of comfort zone, in the new ecommerce firm Jimmy decided to prove his worth by taking the place of his boss Alec until and unless the director of the organization has made a decision. This is a employment factor as the Jimmy took up the responsibility at right time. Factor 9, Hacking of database in the case study, The database named Reaper was hacked and downloaded which has 129 million records of people from 53 countries. After that ransom of 20,000 US Dollars is demanded by the hacker. This is a social factor as important information of thousands of people is on hold. Personal factors Factor 10, Securing his first job in the case study, Jimmy is a fresh graduate from the IT department of Griffith University. He applies for a job, after seeing an advertisement for an web developer in newspaper. Finally jimmy gets a job . The pay is quite enough for a 25 hour per week job. Intrinsic factors Factor 11, Co-developer in the case study, Jimmy notices two of this developer (Dev A and Dev B) were not competent to perform the work. Dev A of this ecommerce still works for the previous firm and is only a paid contractor here. Dev B a new arrival from overseas is technically sound on the contrary he is facing problem in settling in the new environment. This is a intrinsic factor because Jimmys own experience helped has helped him to judge the performance of the developers. Factor 12, Payback time in the case study, Jimmy is offered a job by senior developer manager Ben to work for him. Alec took revenge by cancelling his job interview. This is an intrinsic factor as Alec took revenge and it is his payback time now. Prioritisation Factor 13, Stepping up in critical situation in the case study, after the sudden leave of his boss Alec, Jimmy decided to took up the responsibility of his boss on his own shoulder. This is a prioritisation factor as Jimmy took up responsibility to satisfy the need of the organisation. Factor Related Issue 1 Unethical News (Legal) The term native advertisement is practiced by the firm to make profit for some companies who buy advertisement for them. 2 Confidentiality (Legal) Digging into the background of online news business website like Hullaballo.com. 3 Privacy (Legal) Digging into the background of online news business website like Hullaballo.com. 4 Code of Ethical Conduct (Legal) Jimmy is connected to the notorious incident like Reaper as reported in the news. 5 Misconduct (Professional and social factor) When Jimmy rejected to work on the terms and condition of the boss from hullaballo.com. 6 Work Experience (Employment Social) Jimmys work experience from reaper is highly valuable for the forthcoming ecommerce firm . 7 Hacking of database ( Professional and social Factor) Reaper database is hacked and downloaded by a hacker and a ransom of 20,000 US dollar is demanded. 8 Freedom in Workplace (Professional and social factor) Jimmy freedom is abandoned from placing his thought in front of his boss from news firm. 9 Get ahead (Employment and social factor) Jimmy has a conflict with his boss so he left the firm and joined an ecommerce company. 10 Securing his first job (personal factor) Jimmy is successful in securing a job where the pays was good . 11 Better Work place ( Employment and social Factor) The ecommerce gave him a full time position with work location varying from main office to various client sites. 12 Stepping out of comfort ( Employment and social Factor) After the sudden leave of Alec, Jimmy decided to prove his worth by stepping into his boss position. 13 Co-developer (Intrinsic factor) Both dev A and B developer of this ecommerce firm are not competent to perform the work assign to them. 14 Conflict ( professional and social factor) Jimmy has a conflict with his former boss Alec on the performance review of Dev A. 15 Payback Time (Intrinsic factor) A new job is offered to jimmy by Ben (a senior manager) later on it is cancelled by Alec to take a revenge. 16 Expensive meal (Intrinsic factor) During his new job at a competitor firm he was offered an expensive dinner by the CEO. 17 Stepping up in critical Situation (Prioritisation) After the sudden leave of his boss Alec, Jimmy took up the responsibility of the firm. Decision Decision taken by Jimmy like leaving the online news firm and joining an ecommerce firm is excellent on his part. This decision helped Jimmy in securing a successful future where he is promoted from a web developer to team leader. Jimmy decides to check the background of Hullaballo.com before joining it. It helped him getting in a brief idea about the working of the organization. After completing several months in the ecommerce , his boss Alec suddenly left the organization without any explanation. Jimmy then decides to prove his worth by stepping on his boss position and taking the full responsibility of the ongoing projects. This is a wonderful decision on his part as it saved the ecommerce organization from a huge loss. Jimmy do not wait for the approval of his directors from the ecommerce firm. In this new ecommerce firm Jimmy decided to replace two developers named Dev A and dev B as they are not adjustable with the work. Dev B is technically sound but is facing difficulties in setting in new environment. After having several months of conflict between Dev A and Jimmy on the matter of work performance, Jimmy decided to replace Dev A with someone better. Discussion Some news companies like Hullaballoo.com use the term native advertisement to gain profit for some organization. Spreading unethical news among the public is a legal factor. Digging into the background of the online business is a legal factor as it compromises with the privacy and confidentiality of the firm. Jimmy has been connected to a notorious incident like reaper which is a matter of ethical conduct. Due to this incident, Jimmys image is spoiled in front of the whole industry. Jimmys experience from the reaper database is highly valuable for the forth coming ecommerce firm. This is an employment factor as it is related to the work experience. Jimmys freedom has been chopped as he is detained from placing his thoughts in front of his boss. This is a professional and social factor as his freedom in workplace is compromised. The new ecommerce gave Jimmy a full time position with varying work location. During the absence of his boss Alec, Jimmy took his boss position in this way his worth in the organization is proved. Getting ahead in career life is a professional and social factor. Jimmy has a conflict with his former boss from the news firm and after that he decided to leave it and join an ecommerce firm. This is an employment factor as he got a better job than the previous one. Both Dev A and Dev B developer of this ecommerce firm are not capable of working with the task provided to them. This is an intrinsic factor as the capability of both the developers are judged. During Jimmys new job in the new ecommerce firm he has been offered an expensive dinner by the CEO. In the new ecommerce firm after the sudden leave of his boss Alec, Jimmy decided to take up the responsibility of the firm. This is a prioritization factor as he gave priority to work over everything. All the factors like professional, Employment and social, personal and intrinsic factor has been discussed. Conclusions on Analysis From this discussion it is concluded that in business domain, making money is on the top. In this case study Jimmy Olsen a recent IT graduate from Griffith University gets a job of web-developer in an online news firm. The pay was quite good for him. This company has created an online database known as the Reaper. Intention behind the creation of this database was to store demographic information of various people. This information is again used by advertisers and marketers to conduct campaigns in different zones for their promotion and making money. In the same the database is hacked by a hacker and a ransom of 20,000 US dollars is demanded against the vital information. Leaving the news company is a smart decision of Jimmys part. After that he joined an ecommerce firm where he had a conflict with boss Alec. Due to this conflict, certain company projects are hampered. After that he joined a competitor firm where he is treated very well by the CEO. He is offered an expensive meal with fine wine. The main intention behind the party is to informal business with senior businessman and government official in an armchair. Jimmy could not escape from his boss Alec, he followed Jimmy till the new firm. What I have learned from this course From the course it can be stated that in business world making money is on top of the priority list. Ethics comes after money in the business domain. In this case study Jimmy Olsen the IT graduate from the Griffith University wants a job in his domain. Fortunately he gets a job as a web-developer in an online business firm. This online news firm promotes the concept of native advertising. Hullaballoo is paid to spread positive news for the client and negative news for the competitors of the client. The term native advertising focuses an advertisement as a news story for driving attention of the crowd. Native advertising is used to attract the attention of people who uses ad blockers on their web browser. Now Hullabaloo has the intention of creating an integrated database that receives demographic information from all across the globe. The database is known as The Reaper. The collected information is very useful as well as valuable as it allow businessman from various domain to conduct high campaigns. Jimmy has the work of attracting more people on the website. The sign up form of the news firm ask more detail information of user. Apart from email id it also ask for age, gender, marital status, family members, post card and annual income. On the website the subscription cannot proceed until and unless all the detail information of the user are provided. This online database The reaper is not fully secure as the news firm has the right to sell information to third parties. Jimmy suggested his boss that the entered information can be used to offer deals to various people. Jimmy had a conflict with his boss on this topic. From this incident I have learned that boss is boss, the employees cannot disobey the orders of boss. Placing ones thoughts and ideas over the orders of boss might result in losing his job. Jimmy worked on the terms and condition of his boss which helped in surviving his job in the organization. Now comes the globe impact of the decision taken by an organization. The Reaper database was hacked by a hacker. After that a ransom equating to 20,000 dollars is demanded against the database. The future security professional must understand the need various legal and ethical responsibilities of an organizations. The professionals play a key role in managing liabilities like security and privacy risk for different organization. To minimize liability and reduce risk like Reaper incident in this case study from various threats, professional must have an idea about the present condition of various laws and regulation. It is the duty of the professionals to teach the employees of various organization about their legal and ethical rights. In an organization, the IT experts help to build security through various policies. There are certain policies and guidelines that describe acceptable and unacceptable employee behaviour in an organization. Care should be taken that these policies functioning as law must implemented on everyone on the workplace. Privacy is one of the important and hot matter of discussion in information technology. Nowadays many firms are storing and selling valuable information for money .People from all across the globe are depending on government for protecting their privacy. The Privacy of Customer Information Section of the common carrier regulation states that any important information can be used to provide services, on the contrary these information cannot be used for marketing purpose. The business firm cannot disclose personal information to anyone until and unless it is important for providing their services. A business firm can only disclose the information only when it is necessary for them. IT professional must understand that business firms do business globally. As a result these professional must be aware of laws and ethical values of different culture and society. Because of difference in political views among various countries there are certain international laws which govern the privacy and information security. Ethics in computer world are mainly affected by many factors expect from nationality. Employees must be trained and they must be aware of the recent and emerging topics related to information technology. This topic is vital in information technology as many employees are not aware of the various technical training used to judge whether the behaviour. Proper training must be provided to employees for building a well prepared and low risk system user. Codes of Ethics: Each member of Professional organization is expected to follow the codes of conduct or codes of ethics. Many employers do not encourage or initiate their employees to take part in these professional firms. Many employees who have gained certain certification and expert accreditation can lose their accreditation and certification if they disobey the codes of conduct. Loss of certification or accreditation will ultimately effect the marketability and earning of the employees. It is the duty of IT professional to follow the policies and procedure of the organization. The organizations must follow the different laws of society. From this course I have learnt about the International Information systems security certification consortium that mainly focuses on its working. (ISC)2 is a body of knowledge and information security which conduct examination for information security. The code of Ethics designed by (ISC)2 is mainly used by information security experts. System Administration, network security and security institute is another organization which is a professional research and education cooperative organization with lot of members. All these members have certain certification and value that follow the codes of ethics. Certification holders may lose their certification if they are disobey the laws. Information System Audit and Control Association is professional body which mainly focuses on auditing, control, and security of various organization. Its membership is open to both technical and managerial professional. It has certain codes of ethics, which must be followed by its professionals. Information s ystem security Association(ISSA) is a non-profit body of information security which has a primary function of bringing technical sound professional for education development. The working principle of various international bodies has been discussed in the above paragraph.