Brainwashing & transforming

Brainwashing is the art of transforming a persons mind by putting together different types of attitudes. It is a sought of thought reform. Brainwashing is a sort of social influence on a person to try and change his way of thinking into somebody else’s viewpoint, without the assent of that person. Brainwashing can be achieved by either obliging or persuading the other person, to think in the line of the person who is brainwashing. To brainwash another person total segregation and belief of the subject is absolutely necessary.Brainwashing is usually undertaken in prisons, to change the mindset of the prisoners, and to help them think in a right manner, and to change their behaviour. The person who is brainwashing has to have the person to be brainwashed totally under his control, so much so that all the daily routines of the person are under the control of the person who is brainwashing. The person who is brainwashing influences the other person so much so that, the person†™s mind doesn’t work at all losing his complete identity.The brainwashing person than replaces the person’s mind with a different set of thoughts and behaviours. According to psychologists, brainwashing is possible under certain conditions, but while dealing with hardcore criminals or prisoners, it is necessary that they use physical abuse in order to see that these people are properly brainwashed. And to erase all their previous thoughts and identity, so that their mind will be fresh with a new set of attitudes after the brainwashing session, which helps them to improve their lifestyle, and lead a better life without going back to their criminal mannerisms.According to studies it is known that the effect of brainwashing is short term only, the original identity of the brainwashed person is totally not washed out, but it is hidden and once the present thoughts of the person stop working, the old identity comes out from hiding, and the person behaves in the same manne r as he used to previously. The results of brainwashing mostly are the same on every person irrespective of his culture, history and physical appearance.Some of the commonly used techniques in brainwashing are loneliness, as the people being brainwashed are isolated and not allowed to meet his friends or family members, insisting on agreement to certain demands which include matters such as clothing, food and money etc, the person is subjected to poignant blackmail, pressure, lenience occasionally, total control and criticism of the person being brainwashed to such an extent that the person doubts his own worth, and feels that everything he does is wrong.The person is reduced to such a wreck that he does not believe in himself. Brainwashing or mind control is used in many ways; it is used by many persons in different fields to their advantage. Parents use brainwashing on children, so that they can achieve a certain standing in social, personal and educational endeavours. While teach ers try to brainwash children in the classroom, so that they can have a clearer idea of what is being taught in class.Even hypnotizing a person is a sort of brainwashing or mind control, where in the person is taken to his subconscious state of mind, and made to believe that he is a completely changed person, by drilling into his mind different thoughts and behaviours that need to be replaced. Some people use fear or violence to brainwash a person, but this way of brainwashing is not right, as the brainwashed person cannot be controlled, because he will escape as soon as the brainwashing person leaves him.Some people might practice brainwashing to commit illegal activities like, they might brainwash or hypnotise a woman and try to rape or rob her. And some religious cults might try to brainwash people and force them into converting to a particular religion. Using brainwashing to commit such crimes should not be encouraged, and the effects of brainwashing should be used to change a p erson into a better human being. Brainwashing should be done to have control over a person’s mind, but not to put him out of control or doing such things which are not in his control.The Government authorities also use brainwashing to help them extract the truth from criminals by using shock treatments, lie detectors or narcotic analysis, which have an impact on their brain, by which they can find out if the criminal is telling the truth or not. To confound and weaken a person with the help of electronic equipment or chemicals is not controlling that person. Gaining control over a person who loses control over himself is not always the same.It is clear that the government authorities do not have control over anyone’s mind, and it is also clear that these authorities would do anything to gain control over a person’s mind. When a person physically abuses his wife on a daily basis, the wife who fears of violence does not reciprocate but bears her spouses tantrums a nd abuse, not because he has a control over her mind, but might be because she is totally dependent on her spouse. The wife doesn’t have any other choice, but to stay with her spouse. In other words the husband has reduced her chances in such a way that she cannot leave him.By staying on even after such battering, means that it is the wrong choice of the woman, but not the control her spouse has over her mind. Another method of brainwashing used by various religious missions is using love as a tool to control a person’s mind. These people make the person believe that they are the only people, who love them, and that they have faith in the person, and that the person should have faith in them. They try to convince the person to such a level that the person believes that even his family and friends are hurdles in his way to deliverance and attaining God’s faith.These people make the person so fearful that he believes that if he does not listen to them he might be punished, all this makes the person totally dependent on these people and he becomes obsessed. Guilt is also another strategy used by these people; they make the person feel so guilty that, he begins to believe that he is nothing without god and these people. They fill the person with so much contempt for him that he loses his ego, self esteem and his belief in himself. The person becomes completely reliant of these people that he is at the mercy of these people.Even psychiatrists follow such strategies to have the patient under their control. This strategy would help the psychiatrist in knowing the person even better, and this would help the doctor in curing the patient. When a person is under the spell of such people, these people might take the advantage of the situation and can try to rob the person of his whole property, when he is under their control. They might even make the person commit illegal activities on their behalf, which the person would come to know only after comin g to his senses.Under the control of such people a person can lose his wealth, his body and also his soul. Therefore brainwashing can be used for the good and the bad both. At sometimes it can help a person and other times it would completely ruin a person. Brainwashing is a very complex strategy; it is more of healing a person than a method. For example during the Korean War many US soldiers were brainwashed into communism. Brainwashing is such a technique which can break or make a man, it is a very complicated technique used by psychiatrists, religious missions, teachers, parents and the government authorities.This technique can be used to the full advantage, if it is understood properly and used in the right manner; it will give very good results and help people in solving their problems very effectively. When a person is brainwashed, he goes into a sort of trance and is completely in the control of the person who is brainwashing. The person is in such a situation that, he doesnà ¢â‚¬â„¢t remember any thing and his mind can be controlled by feeding some other thoughts, that he becomes a totally changed person after the brainwashing session.A person who is trying to brainwash another person, should be very smart and tactful when dealing with such situations, and he should have the power to make the other person believe him, then only he will have total control over the other person’s mind. On the whole brainwashing should be considered as an important and necessary strategy, and it should be employed by all and sundry wherever the necessity arises, but people should not take advantage of this strategy and should not try to use it for committing illegal activities.If used properly and effectively it could help cure so many people who are in depression and undergoing severe stress, it could help to make a convict a better person and help parents and teachers in guiding the children to better and bright futures. Brainwashing should be definitely used if a person can benefit and lose his depression and make him a better person. Works Cited Rober Todd Carroll, Mind Control (Brainwashing), The Skeptic’s Dictionary, 14 November 2007, . Julia Layton, How Brainwashing Works, How Stuff Works, 14 November 2007, . Julia Layton, How Brainwashing Works, Brainwashing Techiques, How Stuff Works, 14 November 2007, . Uzma Mazhar, Brainwashing Tactics in Domestic Violence, 14 November 2007, .

John Wooden, Wooden on Leadership

John Wooden on Leadership I am informing the SAI that Wooden on Leadership by John Wooden is a book that demonstrates and shows leadership skills. John Wooden started his leadership in 1932 at football practice in Kentucky as the coach. He then went on to become head coach At UCLA in 1949. While at UCLA Wooden wrote his fifteen steps of leadership. Wooden’s pyramid of success not only helped his team, but his own life. The first block on the pyramid is to be industrious. Wooden grew up on a small farm and learned you had to be up early and work very late.A normal person will complain when tired, but an industrious person will work hard and strive for the best that they can achieve. One should not want to stop when they can, but work all the way through until the job is done even if the person is tired and weak because they strive to complete whatever is needed. A person should be focused on the objective and not what they want to do later. While being industrious, a person als o needs to have enthusiasm. As a leader a person must be filled with energy and love what they are doing. If a leader has enthusiasm for what they are doing their followers will too.Being enthused can make or break whether the job is completed. A person’s enthusiasm can turn a boring or failing job into a well working successful accomplishment. A job should always be done with eagerness to show that you care. Friendship plays a big role in the success of leadership. A person should not bring or hold their â€Å"favorites† above any one when it comes to leadership just because they are your friend doesn’t make them the best person to complete your goal. A person should stay professional when around friends, but still treat the friends equal to the other subordinates.Seek to find the strengths of friendships among the group and do what is necessary to keep the job going. Don’t judge a person’s ability to tribute to the team because you don’t k now them as well as the others around you. When being the leader you should always show loyalty to a fellow member. When you show loyalty to you team, you will receive loyalty back. A leader has to search their people to find loyalty and gain their interest of wanting to succeed. When a person is in a group doing a job, they want to have loyalty spread through the effort.A leader should not only be loyal to their group, but also themselves. To accomplish an objective a person must have cooperation with his/her people. Cooperation is the key to allowing a job to be complete. Nothing can be fully done without cooperation of a team. When cooperation is being executed the job becomes easier because more opinions allow for all the problems to be solved. When I becomes we more is done and more can be dealt with. A leader needs to have a lot of self-control to overcome challenges. Self-control makes a good leader because they set the example.When a leader has self-control, it allows for th e team to have self-control as well. Focusing on controlling yourself when times are hard in completing an objective by controlling yourself can make the outcome easier to obtain in the end. Self-control brings self-discipline which a leader has to show allowing the followers to have a person to reflect from. As a leader works with his/her followers they always need to have alertness. When a leader’s is gifted with alertness, it comes in handy on supervising if and when you need to switch out the jobs of your followers to allow the group to grow as one.Alertness is essential to finding the trend, opportunities, and changes that can or should be made to make a better organization to complete what needs to be done. A leader must evaluate their team to know the advantages and disadvantages so the problem can be faced with the most critical way to strive and obtain the goal. A leader can have a potential weapon if he/she is alert on a constant basis. A leader must be a risk taker and strive for initiative. If a follower fails to take initiative then it falls back on the leader because the leader did not force the player to take initiative and run with it.Failure is necessary to the initiative of ending with successfulness. A leader with initiative also has courage in that his/her group will strive to do the very best. A team that makes the most mistakes to complete the goal usually wins in the end whether it is winning a game or making the deadline. Without intentness the team would soon rather quit and give up on accomplishing what needs to be done. A leader with intentness may not complete all short term goals, but will make up double with the end result. If the leader makes a goal, it may take time because all good things will take time as well as willingness to make the goal.Always fight for the best because you will always come out better in the end. Intentness will make a team strive even when times are hard and seem like all else fails. Conditioning all around is one of the centers of the thing that is demanded from a team. Not only physical condition, but mental plays a big part of the successfulness in a team. When a leader has conditioning all around, he can bend and squeeze his/ her way to show what is best for the team. A team uses moderation to condition the way things are done to allow the best way possible to prevail.Condition from a leader can make a team grow together as one and always succeed. A team always needs skill as well as team spirit. Team spirit comes from the skill of the group. A team’s skill comes from each individual and they work together to succeed. Skill comes from each individual and the leader has to make everyone work together to complete the task. Team spirit only comes when a team’s skill works together. A team’s greatest strength is staying poise and having confidence. Poise is staying calm when under pressure and a leader should make his team just be their selves.When a tea m is poise, they have confidence that they will strive for the best. A leader will always have confidence that his team will do the right thing. Being poise in every situation will, take a group succeed. Competitive greatness is the final step of the pyramid. Always be the best that you can be. Never settle for the least and always strive for the goal and completing the task. Wooden closes with saying that you always work with your team to be successful. A leader has to have these characteristics to be able to lead a group to complete their goals and be the best they can be.

Case study: Apple iPhones – Not “Made in America”

What is meant by the globalization of human capital? Is this inevitable as firms increase their global operations? The globalization of human capital refers to the fact that employees are now spread out across the world by their employers. This including, the companies, employed, unemployed, stockholders, consumers, contractors, supply chain, firms and economies. Companies branch out because labor costs are cheaper and productivity is faster.It is inevitable if firms increase their global operations because every country has something different to offer, something new, and without the current innovation being promoted to the market, the company will start to lose its edge on competition. 2. How does this case illustrate the threats and opportunities facing global companies in developing their strategies? Cost and Human Capital is the most important consideration for Global Companies. When President Obama’s inquired about Apple brining the job back to US, it was practically not possible for Apple.The break down in the case study was that it cost a total of $179 to produce an IPhone and it retailed at $500 leaving a profit of $321. This would mean more profit for the global company. For Global company price and profit is the most important consideration to stay competitive. They can use the cheap labor in other countries to be price competitive This gave the perception that Apple did not care about its country. It also gives the perception of greed which a global company can face. 3. Comment on the Apple executive's assertion that the company's only obligation is making the best product possible.â€Å"We don't have an obligation to solve America's problems. † All though it is a harsh comment but I think it makes sense. Apple is a Global company with its offices around the world. It is in business to make money. It is not possible for Apple to solve America’s problem. Apple is just trying to be the best company out there in order to be on top with innovation and success. It is not Apple’s responsibility to solve America’s problems with employment; their responsibility is to form the best product. 4. Who are the stakeholders in this situation and what, if any, obligations do they have?There are two stakeholders in this situation and they are: the companies Apple and Foxconn as well as the Chinese government. Apple has obligations to their employees both domestic and global. They need to be mindful that a corporation is only as good as its products as well as, its image. They need to be mindful that since its headquarters are in the United States, it should do all that it can to maintain a positive image. It is also important to make sure that the products they sell are quality products while keeping the price as low as possible. Foxconn has a stake in its people and the products they export.The unfair and inhumane working conditions forced the government to step in. Foxconn also needs to be mindful of the is sues presented previously for Apple (the difference they are headquartered in China). The fact that labor violations were taking place, China’s government had an obligations to its people. They need to protect their citizens from hazardous work conditions and hold Foxconn accountable for their actions. 5. How much extra are you prepared to pay for an IPhone if assembled in the United States? Personally I feel that the IPhone is already over price as is. The fact that they make $321 of profit off each phone is ridiculous.If the phone is fully assembled in the United State I do not feel the price of the phone should increase at all. There are many products that are specifically made in America that cost the same amount as their global counterparts. Clothes are an example, all things being equal, a t-shirt made overseas cost relatively the same as a t-shirt made in the US. Why should an IPhone be any different? I feel that although the profit from each phone would be decreased, they would sell the same amount of phones if not more. 6. How much extra are you prepared to pay for an IPhone assembled in China but under better labor conditions or pay?What kind of trade-off would you make? This also deals with the question previously asked. I have not changed my stance on IPhone; however, if they were to charge more to have it assembled in China, why couldn’t or wouldn’t they just produce it in America. It would not make sense if they had to increase cost to better working conditions in another country. I believe it would be cheaper to bring some of the laborers here to the US and open a plant here. 7. To what extent do you think the negative media coverage has affected Apple’s recent decision to ask the FLA to do an assessment and the subsequent decision by Foxconn to raise some salaries?What do you think will happen now? I believe that the negative media coverage has inspired Apple to be more cautious about their corporate image. Subsequen tly, it affected their way of thinking so that they had to ask for an FLA assessment. They could ill-afford to continue to be seen in a negative light and heartless. They already stated that â€Å"They don’t have an obligation to solve America’s problems, only to make the best product possible†, after the unfair working conditions and labor violations were discovered it only added to the idea that the company was greedy and didn’t care about their employees.Foxconn took pride in being one of the country’s most effective and efficient manufacturers. It could not allow the perception that they were running a â€Å"sweat shop† in which their employees were working 60 hours a week for little pay. The employee suicides did not help company’s image. They had to raise some salaries in order to save face in the public eye. Also, both companies had to show that although mistakes happened, once they were discovered they were fixed quickly. I be lieve now that the story is out they will have many follow up inspections to insure that both companies never come under scrutiny again.

The Roaring 20's Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Roaring 20's - Essay Example The US senate also rejected to agree the Treaty of Versailles which formally ended WW1 and provided for the creation of the Group of Nations. The Senate decided to reject the Treaty from the fear it may lead to the engagement of the US in future European conflicts. Americans merely do not need to cope with, nor tolerate the issues of Europe and overseas. (Pietrusza 5-10) As soon Americans place war just behind their minds that helped them to neglect the issues of European matters, and concentrate on the nation, their area, and themselves. American citizens identified themselves in a time of change, both the socially and culturally. Several think that values had crumbled entirely. Prior to The First World War, females wore their hair lengthy, had dresses touching their ankles, and very long silk cotton stockings. In the 20s, they put on shorter, tight clothes, and folded their silk tights right down to their knees. They wore fancy lip gloss and various makeup products. Ultimately, lad ies were even allowed the right to votein nineteenth Amendment. Women were never considered as an important part of the society up to that period, in American society. As soon as the women had the authority to vote, they didn't merely sit back again. The ladies of 20's worked for equal rights for both males and females in community (Pietrusza 10-15) On other hand there were numerous problems running rampant in the whole country after results of World war. Most of all Red Scare issue appeared to be the greatest problem raised. Red Scare that was noticed as a foreign communist conspiracy which was held responsible for numerous protest actions and union exercises in the years of 1919 and 1920. A lot of Americas additionally kept an eye on the growing actions of the Klu Klux Klan who were involved in terrorizing people from other countries including blacks, Jews as well as Roman Catholics. (Pietrusza 25-35) Books, fine art, and new music also mirrored the nations altering values. There were a lot of well-known writers, playwrights, music artists and performers which left their tag in the 20s. Sinclair Lewis published Main Street (1920), which reflects what he thought to be the boring lives and narrow oriented behaviors of individuals in a little town. One of the very best American authors to come up from the 20s was Ernest Hemingway. The most noted appreciated works of Hemingway includes "In to the trees" and "Across the trees" .A lot of Hemingway's best works delivered the conduct and encounters of the era's so named "last generation." During the 20's, Jazz was getting very famous. Whenever the turntable was switched on, Americans simply just had to party. It was a fresh experience of enjoyment, and satisfaction which arrived together with the origins of jazz tracks in USA. With jazz getting major, Americans move far from classic music and dancing and began discovering other kinds of new music for example jazz. The pleasant, light, simple sensation associated wit h jazz tunes was just an addition of American emotions through the 20's; wondrous and totally free spirited. (Pietrusza 40-43) Radio also popped the gates for innovative enjoyment for example evening programs for viewers to hear to. Mothers and fathers and their kids would remain close to the radio tuning in to such nightly funny shows as "Amos

Derivative Securities Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Derivative Securities - Coursework Example Particularly, stock price depends on 3 factors: annual dividends, stock sale price and interest rate for discounting. All these factors are undefined. If our security is a bond, only one factor is undefined, - interest rate. In the primary market, state emits securities to cover state expenses. Dealers create a secondary market, offering to sell or buy these securities between the dates of issue and maturity. Apart of marketable securities state on behalf of government sells several types of non-marketable securities, which can't be sold or given any other person. Gonchar, M. (2002, p. 28) pointed out that the holder (for instance, in the USA) has a right to repay them in a commercial bank, in Federal Reserve System banks, in a public treasury. Private investors own a significant part (75% in the USA) of government securities. Public institutions and Federal Reserve banks own about 25% of these securities. Securities price drop, generated with interest rates increasing, can cause problems for those, who bought them during the period of high price. Financial institution, which bought securities in the time of low interest rate, will experience losses, if it sells them after the rate uprising. If the rate is falling, financial institutions have an opportunity to attract necessary finances with securities selling. During the interest rate uprising we observe converse effect - financial institutions try not to sell government securities, avoiding capital losses. As security buyers don't know the way, in which interest rates will change, they can't avoid the risk of their securities price drop. This is interest-rate risk. Government securities with short repayment period have a little interest-rate risk, as their prices don't fall much during interest rate increasing. The situation with long-term securities is quite another. Their prices plummet during interest rate increasing. It testifies about a considerable risk, due to holding securities with low annual interest bearing over a long period. Another kind of risk aligned with dividend policy of a company, which emitted securities, for instance, stocks. There are some other accidental causes, which influence on security price, which are called psychological by analysts. So, as we've noticed, the price behavior such an asset as stock is a random value. Finances theory and financial mathematics has a task of building veridical models of stock value evolution and calculating on their base fair option price and investor strategy (investment portfolio) in the security market with the help of statistical data. Simple models are important. Let's analyze here discrete models of asset value evolution and related questions of fair option price calculating and hedging strategies. The development of calculating fair option price researches development started with famous Black-Sholes theory. The Black Scholes Model The seminal work of Fischer Black and Myron Scholes in 1973 produced an elegant closed form solution for pricing European style call options on stock. The standard Black-Scholes equation and its derivatives have dominated the derivatives markets for 25 years. According to F. Black and M. Scholes (1973, pp. 637-659), firstly, it is useful to examine the assumptions underlying the mathematical alchemy used to derive the Black-Scholes equation for the pricing of options: The price of the underlying asset follows a Markov process with an average m and volatility s. The short

Theory and Knowledge Development in Nursing Article - 1

Theory and Knowledge Development in Nursing - Article Example lf of the previous century, nursing theories have been developed to provide methods of thinking which provide direction in constructive diagnosis and solving problems in working with patients. While patient cases will have similarities, each case is also uniquely different and may require a different process of determining solutions. A patient is inherently individualistic, based on social and economic factors as well as the type of illness involved. What may work for one patient, may not work for another patient, due to differing circumstances of age, eating habits, social structure and economic environment such as working status or for those who are unemployed. Nursing morals and ethics will also come into play when confronted with issues of insurance coverage and what solutions are available as defined by the coverage, if there is any coverage. Consequently, right answers in one case may not be right in another, based on principles which are not always absolute (Nourreddine, 2001, p.3). When evaluating nursing knowledge, nurses will ask themselves what they know, what the extent of that knowledge is, based on how that knowledge is attained through various methods, and whether it is appropriate. Epistemology is the term used for the study in the theory of knowledge which has several basic types. Empiric knowledge is developed through scientific observations, suitable testing and ability to replicate and validate the information. Personal (priori) knowledge is attained from thought processes alone. Intuitive knowledge comes from feelings and hunches that come from unconscious recognition of experiences or patterns as known from previous experiences or by some type of educational process. Somatic knowledge is experience attained from a physical experience which becomes a learned process through conducting physical tasks. Ballet dancers and gymnasts are great examples of those with somatic knowledge. Metaphysical knowledge which is a spiritual precept of knowledge

Economic Development Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Economic Development Proposal - Essay Example The M’Bochi lives in the northwest and majority of the Brazzaville’s skilled workers and civil servants are from this group. In addition to these tribal groups, the country also includes a small Pygmy population with approximately 12,000 Pygmies (Overlanding Africa.com). These tribal groups represent different levels of socio-economic development and constitute an economically, politically, and socially underdeveloped community. They are most vulnerable to various forms of economic exploitation, social stagnation, and political isolation. Hence, it is necessary to integrate these tribal groups with the rest of the community on a footing of equality so as to help them attain progressive advancement. This is an economic development proposal that envisages the overall development of the Congo communities in the long run. Congo: An Overview Before framing the development proposals, it is necessary to analyze various economical, social, political, and cultural aspects of the country in order to get a clear view of the current status of the country. The country possesses a potential mining sector and productive agricultural sector. Researches indicate that the Congo’s untapped deposits of raw minerals are expected to be worth over US$ 24 trillion. Although the Congo was the second largest industrialized country in Africa at the time of its independence, currently it is one of the poorest countries in the world. While analyzing the Congolese Economy, it seems that the country’s fiscal policies are weaker and this troublesome situation is identified to be the most potential challenge to the growth of the country. As per the findings of The Heritage Foundation, the country’s business freedom is 40.8% and trade freedom is 61.0%; hence this regulatory environment makes the cost of launching and running a business high in the Congo. Similarly, the country maintains an ineffective tax system although it sets high tax rates. Congo’s highest income tax rate is 50% while its top corporate tax rate is 36%. In addition, the country has low investment freedom of 20% and it also represents a low privatization rate (â€Å"The Heritage Foundation†). Evidently, corrupted bureaucracy has become the major impediment to productive investments in Congo. According to World Bank, the CIPA fiscal policy rating in Congo was 3.50 in 2008. Hence, the tribal council must specifically take into account the weaker investment status of the country as inefficient operations of the Congolese government hamper foreign investments. The Congolese government does not adopt a favorable approach towards entrepreneurs and is less likely to promote productive ventures. According to reports, â€Å"uncertain legal framework, corruption, inflation, and lack of openness in government economic policy and financial operations† have been threatening the sustainable economic development of the country (Asias and Azizet). Due to uncertain ty about economic outcomes, lack of infrastructure, and absence of government support, many foreign business firms have transplanted their operations from the country. According to the statistics, the literacy rate of the Congo was 67.2% as of 2001 data and the literate people constitute 80.9% males and 54.1% females. Three government ministries control the education system in the country and it is very similar to that of

EnERGY WEDGES Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

EnERGY WEDGES - Lab Report Example Increasing forest cover and vegetable is likely to reduce carbon in the atmosphere since the trees utilize the carbon for the process of photosynthesis. Water body mass such as the rivers and lakes also absorb carbon from the atmosphere hence reducing carbon in the atmosphere. Soil and other land covers also utilize carbon (Nesta, 2009). Planting cover crops and reducing soil erosion is estimated to reduce carbon emission in the next 50 years. Our second wedge deals with nuclear energy production. Nuclear energy produces no carbon. It is the most efficient and the most beneficial form of energy production. However, it is always faced with political interference since nuclear energy can easily be used as weapon of mass destruction hence indicated by red color. (UNEP, 2007). Although it will take time to transform from carbon energy immediately to other forms of energy, it is important that the public be educated on efficiently utilizing the current carbon energy. This cuts across mainly in transport and construction sectors. The two sectors are the major consumers of energy mainly in form of electricity and fuel. Our last energy wedge deals with shifting from carbon energy to bio-fuels. Bio-fuel is a product of plants. This is our last option designated by color blue. Use of bio-fuel reduces significantly the amount of carbon in the atmosphere. However, this strategy is still faced with major challenges sine it creates competition with food production (Wardlaw, 2009). The big question is whether the current land used in food production will be substituted for bio-fuel produce. The above energy wedge is likely to win the desires of many oil producing companies such as BP and other companies such as Ford that are actively involved in the motor vehicle industry. The wedge also complies with human rights activists such as the Kyoto Protocol and Copen Hagan reports that aims at sustainable development. The energy

Perspectives of Ageing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Perspectives of Ageing - Essay Example Racism, on the other hand, is related to class of people who feel discriminated in certain nation and society based on their ethnic origin and skin color or upbringing. Every nation evolves certain policies to support the senior citizens or aging population within their region .They also help support the minority to help them integrate with mainstream population. Thus many theories and policies have been formulated to enhance the life of aging population and to control the negative impacts of racism within community. The report examines the issues of aging and racism, which exists in a small suburban town in India, and the two interviews were conducted with informed consent .To balance the nature of participation one female and one male member was chosen. This gender bias is very apparent and so is class bias reflected from the interviews. The issues elated to racism and ageing can take many forms of social issue which changes its flavor based on the country of origin. The issues are there, and it needs to be addressed in the light of the national policies and theories, and constitutional rights of the citizens. This issue needs to be approached from wider perspective, from local level, national level and international level. The issues are that health and economics needs should be addressed along with the social issues, which are apparent in the aging population. The interviews conducted reveal that the issues of aging and racism are mainly connected to health, economic and social interactivity. These are the issue which impact everyday life events. These are global issues which are prevalent in every country. The increasing life expectancy has led to increasing number of aged population over 60 years of age. This aging population is growing number is impacting the reconsideration on the national level and constitutional level, with new policy implementation, and the need for new set of rights which can guarantee them support and protection in unusual circumstance. The exploding need for new consideration has been the strongly recognized by the health policies, socioeconomic development plans and economic policies which can provide maximum provision to this group with regard to health and functional capacity. This has been done in consideration for the betterment of their social participation and economic security. These are some of the new challenges of the emerging society. Ageing: Since my interview is related to people from developing countries, who are residing in UK , but originally from India, it would be interesting to examine the nature of policy change and social changes which has been witnessed worldwide. The theories which have evolved over time on ageing, plays a key role in understanding my selected audience. In the context of my interview, ageing is more relevant than racism. Therefore I am going to focus more on the theories and policies related to ageing which applies more in the context of my interviews. It is interesting how we can trace the impacts of these theories in real life in two very different cases taken from two gender specimen. An understanding of this phenomenon from scientific and social perspective is important to understand the significant role in the growing number of ageing population throughout the world. Human beings are unique and complex

Draft Annotated Bibliography Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Draft Annotated Bibliography - Coursework Example Banks (2003) noted the difference between irrational or discriminatory and rational racial profiling, where the latter is based on actual criminal activities and reports. He focused on the campaign against racial profiling and noted injustice when minorities experience disadvantages because of racial profiling. The study is useful in showing that racial profiling can lead to discrimination but, in agreement to what he had said, eliminating it is not the solution to discrimination in the law enforcement system. Engel, R.S., Calnon, J.M., & Bernard. T.J. (2002). Theory and racial profiling: Shortcomings and future directions in research. Justice Quarterly, 9(2), 249-273. Retrieved from http://www.uc.edu/content/dam/uc/ccjr/docs/articles/engel_articles/Theory_Racial_Profiling.pdf Engel, Calnon, and Bernard (2002) evaluated the research on racial profiling. They noted that, using data from traffic stops and arrests among other data sources, researchers believed that the police generally exhibited discrimination in racial profiling. Engel et al. (2002) asserted though that these studies usually had the flaw of having no guidance from a theoretical framework to support their conclusion that racial discrimination did happen. The study is important in underscoring the gap in literature for studies that can improve the theoretical foundation of racial and criminal profiling. Glover (2007) studied police opinions on racial profiling through an in-depth interview research method. She noted that police officers downplayed racism in racial profiling through emphasizing the spatial context of their criminal investigations. The article is important in emphasizing the need for gathering more qualitative information about the perceptions and experiences of the police regarding racial profiling and criminal profiling. Godwin, M. (2002). Reliability, validity, and utility of criminal profiling typologies. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 17(1), 1-18. Retrieved

The Axis I and Axis II Disorders of Mental Health in Movie Bastard out Review

The Axis I and Axis II Disorders of Mental Health in Bastard out of Carolina - Movie Review Example The most common type of disorder the character "Bone" had; cognitive disorder, development disorder, mood disorder and schizophrenia, Major mental disorders, and learning disabilities; depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, ADHD. Clinical disorder: clinical disorder faced by the character Bone, due to her birth certificate stamped with the word "legitimate". For no apparent reason, Bone's stepfather will see fit to drag Bone into the bathroom and flog her degradingly. Though Anney knows about this, she loves Glen too much to leave him. Bone used to sit quietly and did not pay attention to what she is doing. She got the symptoms of; Anxiety disorder: anxiety disorder takes place to Bone, when Glenn literally beats her bloody, gets on top of her, and then rapes her. And even after Anney catches him red-handed, she still chooses him over her child, the very girl who promised she would never hate her own mother. For this reason, Bone felt depersonalization anxiety and depression. She could have diminished the ability to experience pleasure. She started avoidance of activities, places, and persons. She had a fear of being trapped and stranded without help. This situation might lead to a panic attack. Panic attack: this might attack Bone because of overwhelming fear and anxiety. The reason for this was intense and sexual abuse by her stepfather. Glen treats her like trash. Her safety net failed. She seemed her father is both a child batterer and a molester. Bone's mother blames her daughter for the violent attacks by her father. Bone developed and intellectual curiosity. A distinct period of her powerful fear and physical/mental uneasiness might originate the following: Depersonalization. Feelings of pungent. Feelings of going wild or losing control are common. Feelings of dizziness, dizzy, pale, or shaky. Trembling or shaking. Feeling of not being able to breathe. Sensations of tingling or lack of feeling. Social phobia: The character "Bone" might get social phobias with having her birth certificate stamped with the word "illegitimate" and her violent rape. This causes humiliating and embarrassing herself in her social performance. Â   Â  

Beowulf Essay Example for Free

Beowulf Essay One of the main reasons we study literature from different cultures and different times is to learn about the people who wrote the stories down. From â€Å"Beowulf†, we can speculate on the values, religion and culture of Anglo-Saxon people through the values of allegiance to lord and king, love of glory as the ruling motive of every noble life, and the inevitability of fate. In Beowulf the warriors were sworn to protect and serve their lord and in exchange for such allegiance. Hrothgar was expected to bestow riches and social standing upon them. This allegiance and reward is an important theme in the book. Loyalty was shown to Hrothgar by his warriors so he built Herot for their convenience. Wiglaf returned to Beowulf despite his men’s decision to turn their back on him during his time of need because he is loyal to Beowulf. Anglo-Saxons believed in allegiance to their lord and king so they would be rewarded with protection Love of glory, fame, and recognition was important to the Anglo-Saxon culture. Beowulf displays examples of boasting. He shows his heroic characteristics as he boasts before Hrothgar and first says, â€Å"Hail, Hrothgar! † He also portrays heroism as he come across Unferth, where explaining the swimming event with Brecca allowed him to boast about his strength and physical abilities. After defeating Grendel he displays Grendel’s arm to show his victory. Fate is what determines one’s future, success or failure, is an often used aspect throughout this epic. Beowulf symbolizes fate as the determining factor of who will win the battle saying that God will decide what will happen. Allegiance to lord and king, Love of glory as the ruling motive of every noble life, and the overall belief in the inevitability of fate were the main Anglo-Saxon ideals. Fate is a matter of interpretation depending on the religious background of a person. Fate can not be controlled. â€Å"Life can seem as a simple strategy game and those who place their game pieces in the best position are to be successful and essentially heroic. †

Effect of Acculturation on Social and Mental Health Services

Effect of Acculturation on Social and Mental Health Services Dana Adams    The Effect of Acculturation and how it Inhibits the use of Social and Mental Health Services among Mexican-American Elders. As the United States ages over the next several decades, its older population will become more racially and ethnically diverse (Ortman, Velkoff, Hogan, 2014). Between 2012 and 2050, it is stated the United States will experience considerable growth in its older population and by year 2050, the population aged 65 and over is projected to be 83.7 million, almost double its estimated population of 43.1 million in 2012 (Ortman, Velkoff, Hogan, 2014) with the largest source of immigration being from Mexico than any other country in the world at a reported level of 12 million immigrants in the U.S. (Ortman, Velkoff, Hogan, 2014). Per Passel and Cohn, 2011), over half (51%) of Mexican immigrant population are unauthorized, and some 58% of unauthorized immigrants in the U.S. are of Mexican decent. This literature review is directed by asking the question What is the effect of acculturation and how it does it inhibit the use of social and mental health services among Mexican-American elder s? As the percentage of the aging Mexican American population increases, concerns for their financial strength does also. When determining the quality of life of older Mexican- Americans, socioeconomic status is a key factor in their success (Furman, Negi, Iwamoto, Rowan, Shukraft, Gragg, 2009). The U.S. Census Bureau reports that nearly 10 percent of the aging population live below official poverty thresholds (U.S. Census Bureau, 2006). Despite lower socioeconomic status, the Mexican American population enjoy a more favorable mortality profile than non-Hispanics, living to 80 years compared to 78 years for non-Hispanic whites and 73 years for blacks (Angel, Prickett Angel, 2014). Within their communities, Elders are considered vital members and are anticipated to actively fulfill essential roles such as those of mentors, cultural transmitters, providers of care for grandchildren, and civic and religious leadership (Ramos Wright, 2010). The Mexican cultural value of collectivism and communal orientation has the ability to serve as a protective factor in alleviating distress (Furman et al., 2009). In many cultures, such as in Mexico, rapport begins through exchange of conversations or chit-chat before beginning the business of medical history-taking and physical examination (Furman et al, 2009; Gallagher-Thompson, Talamantes, Ramirez, Valverde, 1996; Elliott, 1996). The lack of social and emotional support may influence immigrants to rely solely on themselves to manage their stress (Furman et al. 2009). The effects of the stressors associated with constantly having to adapt to unfamiliar environments, work-related stress (Ramos Wright, 2010), and lack of soci al and emotional support may take a psychological and physical toll on many immigrants (Furman et al., 2009). Historically, there has been a lack of mental health services available in many communities where people of color reside (Griner Smith, 2006; Flaskerud Hu, 1994; Marger, 2002; Sue, 1988; Sue Zane, 1987) because services were focused on the needs of the upper and middle-class European Americans (Griner Smith, 2006; Hall, 2001; Richardson Molinaro, 1996; Ponterotto Casas, 1991; Trusty, Davis, Looby, 2002). Clients of color are sometimes mistrustful of mental health services due to historic racial disparities and a shortage of therapists from their own ethnic background who speak the same native language (Flaskerud Hu, 1994, Marger, 2002; Sue, 1988; Sue Zane, 1987). A diverse group of national origins is represented by Latinos living in the United States Ramos Wright, 2010),with most of the group being of Mexican origin (Ramos Wright, 2010; Furman, Negi, Iwamoto, Rowan, Shukraft, Gragg, 2009). Migration from Mexico to the United States has been cited as one of the largest mass movements of people in the world (Furman et al. 2009; Escobar-Latapà ­, 1999). In late old age, about one-half of Hispanics of Mexican ancestry lives with family in the Southwestern United States and twice as likely as those living alone or with spouse to report more financial strain and receive assistance from children (Espinoza, Jung, Hazuda, 2012). The modern Mexican-American family consists of grandparents, parents, children, and extended family members stage in life are appreciated because of their wisdom and cherished life-long experiences (Ramos Wright, 2010). Great value is placed on old age and those who have reached these common characteristics of Mexican-A mericans includes the incorporation of friends and extended family (collectivism) with a high level of obligation and responsibility to the members (familism) while putting emphasis on male leadership roles (machismo) and female subordination (Marianismo) (Pedrotti Edwards, 2014). Mexican Americans are more likely than non-Hispanics to rely on family for their long-term care needs (Angel, Prickett, Angel, 2014; Glick, 1999; Angel et al. 2004).   Immigrants and especially those who migrate to the U.S. later in life are particularly dependent on their families (VanHook Glick,2007; Angel, et al., 1999).   Research suggests Mexican-American want to live closer to kin and place a higher value on the provision of support among family members (Sarkisian, Gerena, Gerstel, 2007; Burr Mutchler, 1999; Keefe Padilla, 1987; Mindel, 1980). Hispanic elders are less likely to live alone and more likely to live with other family members, particularly in a multigenerational family where an adult child is the householder (Talamantes, Lindeman., Mouton, 2005). While a family may want to care for their aging parents, the care that they may need as they age may create a substantial burden on family (Angel, Prickett Angel, 2014). Recent research suggests that intergenerational relations (Umberson, 2002) are becoming increasingly important to Mexican Americans (Swartz, 2009). Mexicans enjoy the intergenerational progress between first-generation immigrants and their second-generation children (Duncan Trejo, 2011). Relative to their parents, the U.S.-born second generation experiences dramatic increases in English proficiency, educational attainment, and earnings and prefer to speak English rather than Spanish, and by the third generation most Mexican Americans no longer speak Spanish at all. (Duncan Trejo, 2011). There are several factors such as social support, fluency in English, and no health insurance, and no translators that can impact the acculturation process in Mexican Americans. Acculturation is viewed as the extent to which a minority group adopts the customs, language, behaviors, and values of the majority population ( Yeo, 2009).   Individuals who have family and peer social supports tend to experience less acculturation stress and those who are experiencing high stress tend to experience fewer symptoms of mental distress (Crockett, Iturbide, Torres Stone, 2007; McGinley, Raffaelli, Carlo, 2007; Hovey, 2000). Many Mexican American elders have experienced life -long struggles to overcome discrimination and segregation including punishment for speaking Spanish, restaurant segregation, and job discrimination (Furman, Negi, Iwamoto, Rowan, Shukraft, Gragg, 2009). Additionally, the Welfare Reform legislation of 1996 brought stressors for many Mexican American elderly who had immigrated to the U.S. at early ages and had never applied for citizenship (Morawetz, 2000). History of this population in the U.S. is characterized by open conflict, social inequality, prejudice, and discrimination and these factors have greatly and dramatically shaped the sociocultural realities of the aging (Ramos Wright, 2010). McInnis-Dittrich (2005) states that understanding an Elders spirituality helps to understand the older adult view of the world, subsequent behavior and maintaining a sense of continuity and cohesion in order to face changes that accompany the aging process ( p, ). Many Mexican American elders who attend church monthly, weekly, and more than weekly tend to exhibit slower rates of cognitive decline than those who do not attend church (Herrera, Lee, Nanyonjo, Laufman, Torres-Vigil, 2009). Social workers and mental health providers have a moral and ethical responsibility to provide effective interventions to all clients by accounting for cultural contexts and cultural values (Trimble Fisher, 2006). Social workers and other professionals are becoming more aware of multicultural issues and the need to improve the accessibility quality of mental health services (Sue, 1998), and method of payment for individuals who have historically been oppressed and provided in the clients favored language (Griner Smith, 2006; Sue, 1998). An assessment should be completed by the social worker and is a great way of identifying strengths and resilience Elders to solve their challenges (McInnis Dittrich, 2005). Treatment plans and interventions are then developed by a multidisciplinary team. Applying a strengths perspective to the assessment and intervention means there is a focus on helping Elders discover and employ their own strengths to help solve problems and achieve their identifi ed goals (McInnis Dittrich, 2005). Limitations this writer identified with this literature review were there was a vast of opinions about what encompasses effective cultural adaptations and some studies varied in the racial/ethnic composition of the intervention groups while other studies had different outcome measures. References: Angel, J. L., Prickett, K. C., Angel, R. J. (2014). Retirement security for black, non-Hispanic white, and Mexican-origin women: the changing roles of marriage and work. Journal of Women, Politics Policy, 35(3), 222-241. Crockett, L. J., Iturbide, M. I., Torres Stone, R. A., McGinley, M., Raffaelli, M., Carlo, G. (2007). Acculturative stress, social support, and coping: Relations to psychological adjustment among Mexican American college students. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 13(4), 347. Duncan, B., Trejo, S. J. (2011). Intermarriage and the intergenerational transmission of ethnic identity and human capital for Mexican Americans. Journal of Labor Economics, 29(2), 195-227. Espinoza, S. E., Jung, I., Hazuda, H. (2012). Frailty transitions in the San Antonio longitudinal study of aging. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 60(4), 652-660. Furman, R., Negi, N. J., Iwamoto, D. K., Rowan, D., Shukraft, A., Gragg, J. (2009). Social work practice with Latinos: Key issues for social workers. Social Work, 54(2), 167-174. Herrera, A. P., Lee, J. W., Nanyonjo, R. D., Laufman, L. E., Torres-Vigil, I. (2009). Religious coping and caregiver well-being in Mexican-American families. Aging and Mental Health, 13(1), 84-91. McInnis-Dittrich, K. (2005). Social Work with older adults: A biopsychosocial approach to assessment in intervention. (4th edition). California: Pearson. Ortman, J. M., Velkoff, V. A., Hogan, H. (2014). An aging nation: the older population in the United States. Washington, DC: US Census Bureau, 25-1140. Passel, J. S., Cohn, D. (2011). New patterns in US immigration, 2011: Uncertainty for reform. University of California, Davis. Pedrotti, J. T., Edwards, L. (2014). Perspectives on the Intersection of Multiculturalism and Positive Psychology. Springer. Ramos, B. M. Wright, G. A. (2010). Social work practice with older Latino adults. In R. Furman N. Negi (Ed.), Social work practice with Latinos: Key issues and emerging themes (233-246). Lyceum: Chicago, Illinois. Swartz, T. T. (2009). Intergenerational family relations in adulthood: Patterns, variations, and implications in the contemporary United States. Annual Review of Sociology, 35, 191-212. Talamantes, M., Lindeman, R., Mouton, C. (2005). Health and health care of Hispanic/Latino American elders. Van Hook, J., Glick, J. E. (2007). Immigration and living arrangements: Moving beyond economic need versus acculturation. Demography, 44(2), 225-249. Yeo, G. (2009). How will the US healthcare system meet the challenge of the ethnogeriatric imperative? Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 57(7), 1278-1285.

Development of Emulsion Property

Development of Emulsion Property Student’s name: Yang Jiang Abstract In recent years, emulsion has taken an important port in our life, such as cosmetic and some other cosmetic industries. The property of the emulsion has a direct impact on our daily life. This paper chose the process of produce bath gel to provide what makes the property change, how to control it and how to make it better. In technically, chose different viscosity, speed rate and concentrate to get different product. Aim to find the best one. Introduction An emulsion is formed when two more insoluble phases are blended together with one of them is in the form of liquid drop. Emulsions belong to a two-phase system ofmatter which is calledcolloids. The emulsion is generally non-transparent and inherently unstable. The diameter of drop is between 100nm to 10mm, and the size of it could be observed by an optical microscope. However in this work, an emulsion consisting of two liquids is the objective many companies and institutions tend to take advantages of. To sum up, two types of this emulsion can be formed by mixture. The one which shapes into a water-in-oil system is called W/O emulsion and another is oil-in-water system which is called O/W emulsion. Emulsion is widely used in manufacturing as a common form of formulated products, and whose properties have been studied in agriculture, medicine, cosmetics and food. Some kinds of emulsion are necessities in daily life, such as: milk, ice cream, vinaigrettes, rubber, latex, crude oil emulsions and even some cutting fluids formetal working. However, an emulsion cannot be obtained easily because emulsions cannot be formed spontaneously. Energy is needed to form an emulsion through shaking, stirring, homogenizing or exposure to power ultrasound. And in this proposal, the emulsion is formed by stirring. Some mixing devices will be adopted to blend Silicon oil and water together. So it is apparent that some parameters can be fixed as constant and the others are what we are interested in to investigate. A number of the physicochemical properties of emulsions can only be understood with reference to their dynamic nature. Many properties depend on the volume fraction of both phases and the type of emulsifier present. Because of the low solubility of oil in water it is usually assumed that the oil in an emulsion droplet is isolated from that in neighboring droplets. Emulsion stability refers to as the ability of resisting change in its properties over time. Coalescence happens when droplets crash into each other and combine to form a larger droplet, so the mean droplet size increases over time. Emulsions can also undergocreaming, in which the droplets rise to the top of the emulsion. In order to keep the emulsion stability, an appropriate surface active agent should be decided to add into the system to increase the kinetic stability of an emulsion so that the size of the droplets keep unchangeable significantly with time. The emulsions produced by dispersion of a liquid into another insoluble liquid is an aspect of great benefits in cosmetic, pharmaceutical, chemical, and food industries. Present industrial methods applied in emulsification processes have been fully developed and studied. For example, rotor stator devices, and static mixers techniques are well-accepted as important ways of producing small droplets but with another side effects on the liquids, bringing potential hazards to the properties of compounds. It has been proved by plenty of researchers that droplet size is one factor of the most difficult ones to control because some instability phases will be produced among this during the controlling process. Rotor-stator mixers are usually used for processing of disperse/break solid particles and aggregates and also to colloidal liquid-liquid systems. Such as cosmetic, food, pharmaceutical, health care products and many other industries. As the drop size affects the processing and the properties of the products in the emulsification. The mechanisms that break the drops is the key for design process. Rotor and stator are the two main mechanisms which can break drops in rotor-stator devices. For emulsification, the industrial processing and some of the product properties are influenced by the drop size. In a two-phase process, the mass transfer rate is proportional to the interfacial area between the two phases. The drop size distribution is varied with the conditions inside the vessel and the length of mixing time and thus the interfacial area is changed with it. Hence successful processing steps are designed by establishing deep understanding of the mechanism of drop breakup. In general, two competing theories have been proved on drop breakup mechanisms to give a good explanation to this phenomenon. So one theory shows that droplet breakup is produced by turbulent eddies (energy dissipation rate) and another is due to the agitator shear rate. Another widely used mixing device: static mixers, which are also called motionless mixers, have become standard equipment in the process industries. Their application in continuous processes is a good choice to traditional agitation because generally better performance can be obtained with this device at lower cost. There are also some other kinds of mixing devices such as CSTR and batch reactor. But according to the cost, property of the emulsion, the conditions in the lab and many other factors I chose rotor-stator mixer as the agitator. The working principle of rotor-stator mixture is shown as below in Figure 1. Figure 1: Basic principle of rotor – stator mixture when running In this essay, comparing different emulsion got from different conditions of the mixing due to different conditions of mixing have a direct result that the droplet size changed. The property of the emulsion is influenced by the droplet size. The viscosity and storage modulus of W/O and O/W fine concentrated emulsions were increased by the reduction of droplet size. And the shear-thinning effects got stronger in the fine emulsions As silicon oil is the resource which is manly used in cosmetics. How bath gel be different by the different size of droplet is the main purpose. As the rheology of emulsion is influenced by the droplet size, various of bath gel might be produced with different property. Background 3.1Theory 3.2. Literature review There have been a large amount of methods of producing polymer emulsions in industrial manufacturing. One of the mainly way of them is emulsion polymerization. Emulsion polymerization has large polymer relative molecular mass, fast reaction rate, low pollution and the equipment and technology with which to produce the emulsion products is easy to get and operated in generation. Recently, more and more scientists have focused on this area. Many factors have an important influence on both yield and quality of the polymerization product in the process of emulsion polymerization, such as the type and concentration of emulsifier, the sorts and concentration of initiator, the intensity of stirring, reaction temperature, the category and concentration of electrolyte and some other technological parameters. Emulsion polymerization system is a multiphase system, the effect of stirring turn the monomer into droplet separately, which is good for heat transfer and mass transfer. And keep the system mixing, constant temperature, avoid from local overheating. The yield and quality of the emulsion polymer are controlled by stir directly. Many scholars carried out extensive research on the influence of the mixing of emulsion polymerization. Such as Shunmukhan et al, Omi et al, Nomura et al who had studied the effects of mixing on low solid content of the emulsion. Vanderhoff, M. Zubitor, S. Oprea et al, Matejicek et al who has studied the effects of mixing on high solid content emulsion polymerization (> 50%).This paper elaborated how the mixing effects on the quality of products. Influence of the style of agitator on polymerization The production capacity of reactor, the quality of product and the accident caused by cooling or heating are all related to the type of agitator. Shearing action, circulating mode and the mixed-ability which were generated by mixing are given by the specific style of agitator. And so does the state of macro-flow. 3 factors should be considered when selecting the style of agitator: 1. High heat transfer coefficient should be ensure from the reactor wall or Immersion coil to the reactants; 2. An obvious effect should be provided in the stirring; 3. Low consumption of energy in the stirring. Therefore, in the process of emulsion polymerization, especially for the industrialized production, we should find out the most appropriate style of agitator by strengthen the research about the relation between mixer and emulsion polymerization. Influence of mixing intensity on the emulsion polymerization 2.1 The influence of mixing intensity on latex particle size In the process of emulsion polymerization, mixing intensity has a direct impact on the latex particle size. With the revolution of mixing higher, monomer was divided into smaller beads, the surface area of monomer droplet was larger per cubic centimeter of water, the amount of emulgator adsorbed on the surface was increased, the numbers of micelle were reduced per cubic centimeter of water, the rate of nucleation decreased in phase 1, so does the emulsion grains generated, if the initial monomer amount is fixed, the particle size of latex increases. With the increase of stirring intensity, latex particle size also increases in the process of semi-continuous emulsion polymerization are analyzed and verified by M. Zubitur et al, S. Opera. And they further points out that the stirring intensity also affect the nucleation mechanism: under the low intensity, the micellar nucleation and monomer droplet nucleation were presented. And the distribution of particle size is unimodal features. T herefore, in the emulsion polymerization, the diameter of latex particle is related to the number of latex particle, with the increase of stirring intensity, the number of latex particle decreased, the diameter of latex particle increased, vice versa. 2.2 The influence of mixing intensity on the stability of emulsion Emulsion stability is one of the most valuable properties in researches involving emulsions concerned by numerous scientists. The influence of stirring intensity on the emulsion stability is mainly manifested in polymerization stability. During the process of emulsion polymerization, droplet condensation may happen raised by coalescence of latex particles within the emulsion, as a result of the loss of polymer emulsion stability. In other cases, during the emulsion polymerization, the condensate may deposit on the reactor components which are accumulated in a thick layer. This is one kind of phenomenon of gel. These phenomena may make the color of emulsion fade away, delicate feeling disappear, affecting the quality of the product seriously. Stability of high solid content emulsion has two important areas which should be concentrated on to investigate further. On one hand, with an increase in stirring intensity and collision frequency, the emulsion stability which plays an important role in manufacturing products will be decreased. On the other hand, due to the solid content increased inside the emulsion, and the high emulsion viscosity, the emulsion stability in the heat transfer process impact much on the quality of emulsion products. Especially when the mixing intensity is too high, the material internal shearing action is too frequent; the stability of the emulsion polymerization is easy to destroy so finding some methods to keep its stability should be paid special attention to control the mixing intensity. In  pharmaceutics,  hairstyling,  personal hygiene, and  cosmetics, emulsions are frequently used. These are usually oil and water emulsions but dispersed, and which is continuous depends in many cases on the  pharmaceutical formulation. These emulsions may be called  creams,  ointments,  liniments  (balms),  pastes,  films, or  liquids, depending mostly on their oil-to-water ratios, other additives, and their intended  route of administration.[10][11]The first 5 are  topical  dosage forms, and may be used on the surface of the  skin,  transdermally,  ophthalmically,  rectally, or  vaginally. A highly liquid emulsion may also be used  orally, or may be  injected  in some cases.[10]Popular medications occurring in emulsion form include  calamine lotion,  cod liver oil,Polysporin,cortisolcream,Canesten, andFleet. Microemulsions are used to deliver  vaccinesand kill  microbes.[12]Typical emulsions used in these techniques are nanoemulsions of  soybean oil, with particles that are 400-600nm in diameter.[13]The process is not chemical, as with other types of  antimicrobial  treatments, but mechanical. The smaller the droplet the greater the  surface tension  and thus the greater the force required to merge with other  lipids. The oil is emulsified with detergents using a  high-shear mixer  to stabilize the emulsion so, when they encounter the lipids in the  cell membrane  or envelope of  bacteria  or  viruses, they force the lipids to merge with themselves. On a mass scale, in effect this disintegrates the membrane and kills the pathogen. The soybean oil emulsion does not harm normal human cells, or the cells of most other  higher organisms, with the exceptions of  sperm cells  and  blood cells, which are vulnerable to nanoemulsions due to the peculiarities of their membrane structures. For this reason, these nanoemulsions are not currently used  intravenously  (IV). The most effective application of this type of nanoemulsion is for the  disinfection  of  surfaces. Some types of nanoemulsions have been shown to effectively destroy  HIV-1  and  tuberculosis  pathogens on non-porous  surfaces. Objectives 3.3.1 In this experiment, the first objective is to find the relationship of drop size and stirring intensity. In most cases, an increase in stirring intensity will cause an decrease in the size of every droplet inside of the oil-in-water emulsion. In order to keep the stability of the system, a fixed concentration of surfactant (SLES) will be added in each experiment to keep a balance between the forces in both directions. Furthermore, the quantity of SLES used in every system should be kept the same. Besides, the time for this kind of experiments is not enough to carry out all, so only one type of the agitator will be investigated. Therefore, the parameters which can be changed are the speed of the agitator, the oil viscosity and different time intervals. The second objective is to link droplet size to the viscosity of oil. Different concentration and viscosity of oil may render the emulsion system unstable with respect to time, because different oil viscosity means different Reynolds number showing different flow regime that the emulsion is. And thus the other important properties of the emulsion should be affected by the mean viscosity of the oil phase and water phase. The third objective is to investigate the effect of concentration of aqueous phase have on the droplet size. At the same time, the mixing time can influence the size of the oil droplet and its distribution. So that is another meaningful point to investigate. Methodology Viscosity of the oil is: 10, 1000,12500and 30000 cSt. The agitator rotor can run from 10000 to 20000 RPMs for a rotor stator system. Resources requirements Laboratory Safety The author has attended an introduction about health and safety and will obey all rules in the lab. While working with lots of harmful chemicals, I have read the instruction of chemical use which provides some vital information in case of emergency. All the cutters using by stirring operations must be assessed before use. Lab coat, safety glasses and nitrile rubber gloves should be dressed in case of potential danger. I have been working safety in the lab for about half a year in my college and I claim that I have known what I should do for emergent situation and decrease the degree of danger to the least. Work plan Beneficiaries References

The Haber Process :: essays research papers

1. The Haber Process During the first decade of the twentieth century the world-wide demand for ammonia for use in fertilisers (in the form of nitrates) and in the production of explosives for use in mining and warfare could only be satisfied on a large scale from deposits of guano in Chile (2). Though this deposit was of huge size (approximately five feet thick and 385 kilometres long) it represented a rapidly depleting resource when compared to world-wide demand. As a result of this there was much research into how ammonia could be produced from atmospheric nitrogen. The problem was eventually solved by Fritz Haber (1868 - 1934) in a process which came to be known as the "Haber Process" or the "Haber - Bosch Process". Haber developed a method for synthesising ammonia utilising atmospheric nitrogen and had established the conditions for large scale synthesis of ammonia by 1909 and the process was handed over to Carl Bosch for industrial development (1). the reaction is a simple equilibrium reaction which occurs in gaseous state as follows; N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) = 2NH3 (g) heat of enthalpy = -92.6 kJ/mol In predicting how to obtain the highest yield from this reaction we must refer to Le Chatlier's Principle. This states that for an equilibrium reaction the equilibrium will work in the opposite direction to the conditions forced upon it. The conditions most pertinent to the above reaction are temperature and pressure. The pressure exerted by any gas or mixture of gasses in an enclosed space is directly proportional to the number of atoms or molecules of gas regardless of their size or molecular mass. Reference to the above reaction shows that, as the reaction moves to the right the number of molecules and hence the pressure decreases. Therefore the reaction moving to the right (i.e. towards the product required) is favoured by an increase in pressure. With regard to temperature, the reaction moving to the right is exothermic i.e. it gives off energy (in the form of heat). Therefore reference to Le Chatlier's Principle shows that the reaction to the right is favoured by low temperatures. However, when Haber placed the reactants together under these conditions it was shown that the rate of reaction was so slow as to render the process unfeasible as an industrial process. This is because of an unusually high activation energy. The activation energy of a reaction is the energy required by the reactants to achieve an intermediate state required before they form the products.

Contradicting Character of The Sniper Essay -- The Sniper

Contradicting Character of The Sniper In this Irish war we have two sides, but this can also be reflected in the two sides within the Sniper himself. The Sniper seems experienced yet amateur, cold yet emotional, lusting for war yet hating it, self-assured yet vulnerable, and clear-minded yet mad; he is a living contradiction. The Sniper exhibits qualities that are both experienced and amateur. O’Flaherty describes the Sniper as â€Å"a man who is used to looking at death†, from which we can infer that the sniper has seen many deaths, since a person who is exposed frequently to death gradually grows senseless to it. In the passage, â€Å"There was a flash and a bullet whizzed over his head. He dropped immediately.†, we can tell from the â€Å"dropped immediately† that the sniper has exceedingly quick reflexes, something usually apparent in those who are experienced in the techniques of war. By contrast, the Sniper also possesses many traits of an amateur soldier. He is described as having â€Å"the face of a student†, and had been fasting because â€Å"he was too excited to eat†. The word â€Å"student† has the connotation of one who is young, inexperienced, and still learning, while his excitement implies that this fighting was new to him, because most people tend to be excited at new experiences.   Furthermore, when passage states that as he heard the enemy car draw nearer â€Å"his heart beat faster†, which is another portrayal of his eagerness and desire to fight. Thus we see a disparity in the Sniper’s character, which is both experienced and amateur. Another contradiction with the Sniper is that he is both apathetic and emotional. O’Flaherty described his eyes as having a â€Å"cold gleam†, and â€Å"cold† has the connotation of lacking feeling. In the scen... ...his mental strain grows as in the midst of anger he â€Å"laughs†, although he has no reason to laugh what we picture as a maniacal laugh. Moreover, the sniper was drunk: â€Å"Taking the flask from his pocket, he emptied it at a draught. He felt reckless under the influence of the spirit†. The feeling of recklessness combines with his already crazy state of maniacal laughing to portray a sniper that has gone quite mad. In conclusion, the Sniper is, interestingly, a complete contradiction in himself. He is both experienced and amateur, cold and emotional, lusting after war and hating it, self-assured and vulnerable, and logical and mad. This stark paradox may create much of the inner conflict that goes on within the Sniper, and also reflects the outer conflict of the Irish war- a war where both sides are essentially opposing parts of the same whole.         

Summary Details on Information Management

The report aims to address the issue of information management within Lanway. Information, may feel is the most important resource any firm has, yet many firms have no appreciation of the cost, value or importance of the information they hold. By first outlining the steps and findings of an information audit carried out within the firm, conclusions are then drawn as to what measures should be taken in order to increase the effectiveness of Lanways information usage. The measures suggested are outlined in detail, with recommendations of both hardware and software. The report also establishes the need for information and for a company information strategy – highlighting the importance of aligning such a strategy with the overall business plan. Lanway Corporate Business Systems began trading in 1985 from a small market stall on Burnley market. Selling games only for the Spectrum range of computers (the most popular at that time) it began to build up a regular customer base. The firm continued in this way, until 1991 where the introduction of the personal computer led to a change in product and business activity. With the introduction of both new hardware and software, Lanway was now in a position to manufacture and sell its own PC†s. By moving into its own premises, the firm was now able to make substantial profit margins by building and pre-configuring a small range of machines. Lanway began to trade with other firms in 1994, at which point they were forced to expand both their existing premises and staff. They also began to diversify, moving into new areas such as networking technologies, the internet and more specialised hardware and software. Lanway currently has a turnover of approximately 5 million and over 40 staff, both of which are expected to continue in growth. They manufacture around 200 PC†s per week, each different in model, make and specification. The company classes itself in the batch manufacturing bracket. At present, the firm can be split into 5 departments. Sales, Accounts, Networking, Repairs and finally Production or Workshop. The firm is completely networked using a mixture of Microsoftâ„ ¢ and Novellâ„ ¢ technologies. Individual internet access and email is available to all employees. All hardware and software configuration work is carried out in-house. Because the firm has grown in the manner that it has, many of the systems and functions in use have grown from a bottom up fashion, as opposed to a more strategic top level approach. Initial observations would suggest that information management within the firm does not differ from this. An information audit is the assessment of the information held by an agency and of its information activities. (Australian Audit Commission 1999). The purpose of an information audit is to assess, not only what types and levels of information a firm may hold, but how well it meets the needs of the company. Different components of information may already be controlled, such as naming conventions or security passwords, but in most cases firms have little understanding of the relevance, cost or value of the information they hold. Therefore in order to ensure that all relevant areas were covered, a formal plan was first drawn up. To ensure that useful conclusions could be drawn, the objectives and scope of the audit were assessed. These included What types of information sources exist Formal documentation was then designed, in order to maintain a consistent theme by all involved. This too added to usefulness of the findings. Finally an assessment of the overall findings was carried out, to ensure that all anomalies and incoherent data could be accounted for. Only then, based upon the findings were recommendations produced. After analysis of Lanways current operating environment and business activities, the following information sources were identified: Stock and Accounts database – maintained by the same system Data stored within the emails ranged from price lists, customer account details, recent price quotes and specific product enquires. These were also combined with a range of personal emails, both from internal and external sources. Each employee, upon starting work was given a secure email box, from which they are able to send messages to both internal and external sources. Each email box requires user authentication, however network administrators are granted rights to open any mailbox within the system. Here we immediately see problems with regards to both information availability and security. Because only that user has access to the mailbox, no other employee is able to access, what may be at times critical information. Security and data integrity is also compromised, as the email server also acts as the firewall server, and as such is open to internet attacks. It is also at the employees discretion whether they wish to delete messages stored within their inbox, messages which may prove later to hold important or even critical information. Once an email has been deleted, it is almost impossible to retrieve it. Lanway rely heavily on the internet and the features it delivers. This includes company product specifications, product support sites, private business partner resources, online databases and current news information. Lanway also have direct links to suppliers via the World Wide Web, thereby creating multiple extranets. Every departmental manager within Lanway classed the internet within their three most important resources. This in itself shows the importance of the role it plays in today†s business market. For firms such as Lanway, it is the fastest and most efficient way of obtaining up to the date and accurate (in the most part) information and offers the best cost/benefit trade off. However the internet brings with it, from an informational view point, a host of inherent problems and issues. Lanway, like many other firms suffers from this. In most cases, staff were unaware of many of these, and as such the quality of information suffered. The accuracy of the information received is on the most part never checked, and in some cases was then stored to be used for future reference. No guidelines exist as to whether only official websites were to be used, nor had any training be given on effectively using the internet itself. No one information store was available, in which staff could save data collected, such as URL†s or product catalogue†s, and in some cases, staff were not aware extranet facilities existed. As such, each individual employee held their own specific ideas and information on using the internet and in many cases time was wasted performing repetitive tasks and retrieving duplicate information. Once again, because the sharing of information was minimal, the speed and accuracy of the data received was greatly reduced. Both of the above databases are stored on the SAGE system and as such are integrated. The stock system contains records not only of items currently in stock, but also previous purchases, dates and times with regards to stock control and trend analysis data. The accounts system contains all data concerned with maintaining and running the company accounts, combined with company payroll and sales transactions. Unlike the previous stores, information held within these systems is not designed to be shared. To access each area the user must have the required level of authority. This is simply for security and privacy reasons – ie. Only certain members of staff can be given access to payroll. Information held within both systems is critical to the running of the business, without it is impossible for any business activity to take place. All the data held within the system maintains it validity and integrity because it is the main transactional system within the firm. The database is currently accessed using a Bespoke application built in house called COSMOS, using access database tables as its base. The program requires user authentication, however all user names and passwords are stored in an access database table which can be opened directly from the network drive. As such security within the system is minimal. The system has been in use for over 8 years and once again suffers from a bottom up approach design. The accuracy of the data is compromised because no formal checks or guidelines exist as to what may be entered in to the system. The security aspect also aids to increase this problem. Duplicate records and anomalies are common place. The age of the system also hinders its accessibility. Although every employee is granted access, many find the system prone to crashes or incorrect record retrieval, again a time wasting activity. Some sales executives said they used their individual Outlook address book to keep their account information, the main reasons being increased speed, reliability and security. All employees of Lanway are given individual folders on the main Novellâ„ ¢ server. Using an advanced system of authentication, only that employee may access their folder. Other users folders are hidden from view accept to system administrators. All word tender documents are stored on in this folder, technical staff store product information and essential applications here. Employees are â€Å"advised† to store all other important documents here as the system is backed up on a regular basis. The accuracy of the data stored within here is not of real consequence to the firm, more to the individual employee, who in themselves are responsible for the task. However, once again the issue of information availability becomes a problem. For technical staff, important information and applications are hidden away from other members, whereas sales staff are unable to gain access to colleagues quotes if required without the assistance of an administrator. All network administrators are regularly out of the office on customer callouts. Product catalogues written documents Due to the nature of Lanways business activity, the range of products sold goes beyond vast and continues to increase by the day. Because of this the firm receives numerous literature on a daily basis. No formal filing system exists, all booklets are â€Å"thrown† onto double desks, or kept by the employee whom it was addressed to. Again issues regarding the availability and relevance of the information are brought into question. Important reference material or current news articles and magazines therefore become unavailable, simply because most employees do not know they exist. It is clear from the above findings, that although Lanway holds and has access to a vast amount of data and information, its overall management of the resource is poor. As such these issues must be addressed when deciding on an information policy and the successful implementation of a Information Service. In order to address these issues, Lanway must first define its information policy. Many of the problems identified earlier stem from a lack of strategic planning, thereby creating inappropriate systems and methods. As such this policy must be aligned with the overall business one and all new systems must serve only to strengthen this. From the findings of the audit, it can be observed that the sharing of information is a critical issue. Much of data stored is only available to certain employees and it is at that employees discretion how the information should be stored. The recommendation is to introduce a controlled information environment where the main aim is information sharing throughout the company. This includes not only ensuring all information is freely available, but employees are specifically informed about policy changes and new developments. Hickie argues that â€Å"an information rich organisation is a successful organisation.† This may be true in part, however it is the management of this information which enables the firms success. Therefore in order to ensure each employee has access to relevant information, such needs should be broken down on a departmental basis. However a significant overlap appears and as such information that is suitable for one department may certainly aid other departments needs;  · Internal company information – this can range from employee guidelines, holiday availability, new company policy or even company car arrangements.  · Latest news and technology stories – information on current market trends, predicted advancements and current vendors strategies  · Product specifications – this includes lists of available types of both hardware and software, the features they possess and the situations they best suit.  · Current pricing catalogues – the IT industry is perhaps the most dynamic of all. As such, products and components prices can change on a daily basis. In order to offer competitive prices, sales executives must be aware of this.  · Competitor information – this may include current pricing or product strategies, financial information and company background.  · New accounting product releases – only accounts staff will be able to judge the effectiveness of new accounts software. As such it is vital that they are able to make an informed decision.  · Current accounting news and new practices – vital for any accounting department wishing to maintain a competitive edge. Such sources also provide help and advice on new practices  · Technical support information – this may be product specific or general tips and usage information  · Product updates essential applications – vital for current systems. As new releases and service packs are issued, this department is responsible for customer receive the right components.  · Product driver banks – due to the large number of products sold, networking employees need access to all drivers concerned with these in order to provide and effective service.  · Past problems customer specific – many problems encountered and repetitive  · Hardware specific manuals – the repairs department are concerned for with hardware failure than software. As such different hardware and configuration manuals are required. As can be seen from the above findings, many of the information sources required by departments overlap with others. This benefits the company from a cost point of view as departments may then share these resources. Implementing the information service Within Lanway, two main types of information exist, electronic and paper. Therefore in order to effectively use these resources, they must be managed in a way that best allows them to be accessed. All brochure documents received are to be immediately filed in new filing cabinets situated on the sales floor – simply because space exists there for them. Each publication is to be filed in alphabetical order under the company heading, with a â€Å"post it note† stapled onto it, giving details of the date it was first entered and which employee was responsible for it. The filing cabinets should be reviewed on a 3 month basis and any duplicate/old data should be removed and shredded. Two types of electronic information exist within Lanway – internal and external sources. However in order to provide a consistent theme, employees should be able to interface both in the same way. The simplest and most effective method of achieving this is by using web technologies. The internet has evolved over the last 5 years as one of the most important factors for successful business and is continuing to do so. A whole range of resources can be obtained via the internet, including searchable online databases, intelligent problem solving systems and other business tools. It would therefore be unwise to attempt to find alternative means of accessing the required data, when the technology already exists and is free for any firm to use. The current network at Lanway – all 100mb – will remain intact, as this is currently the latest and most cost effective technology available for firms of this size. The internet connection will be upgraded to ASDL from ISDN, therefore lowering operating costs and improving speed. The first step for Lanway will be introduction of an intranet. This will be hosted on a new Microsoft Webâ„ ¢ server It will be via this that all electronic information will be accessed, including the internet itself. The online news stories will taken from Silicon.comâ„ ¢, a free online news resource specifically designed for IT firms. Each user will be given a specific user name and password, so that their entrance page may be tailored to their individual needs. The accounts department will gain their current news and information from Accounting.netâ„ ¢, a leading American accounting resource. Once again, the service is free and can be tailored to individuals needs. Both will be accessed via the intranet through absolute URL†s created via Active Scripting when users first log on to the Lanway system. All internal company information will be posted on the website, and employees should be made aware of new data through the use of email. An internal mailing list will serve this purpose. Technical support information will be obtained via vendors own websites and subscriptions to Microsoft Technetâ„ ¢ Novell Support Connection â„ ¢, Symantec Supportâ„ ¢ and 3COM Utilities. The latter sources are comprised of CD-ROM†s which arrive on a monthly basis. As such it is recommended that Virtual Driveâ„ ¢ is purchased, thereby eliminating the need from a CD-ROM network server. Instead, all contents can be copied to the hard drives, creating multiple virtual CD-ROM drives. This improves performance and network reliability. Three new databases are to be set up using SQL server as the base. They will be accessed using web browsers. The first will contain all necessary links to internal applications storage required by technical employees and will also include a brief description of the uses for each application. The second will contain detailed hardware manuals, which if necessary will be scanned in from paper or written by departmental heads. The third will contain past problems related to customer accounts – including hardware, software and individual configuration issues. All of the above systems will be fully searchable using CGI scripting via the web browser on all fields contained within the database – offering a choice of title, topic of keyword to search on. All employees will be given full access to the databases, however only technical staff will be given rights to add to the system. Again checks on the information stored on to be carried out on a three monthly basis. Information is of key importance to any firm, and that is especially true of Lanway. Because of the nature of the business and the products sold, it is vital that the information stored within the internal systems is accurate, relevant and accessible by all employees. By implementing the steps outlined above, many of these issues should be addressed. However it is up-to the company as how successfully they are implemented. Employees will need to be made aware how important the new systems and the new policies that have been introduced are. Only then will the firm begin to see benefits. The costs incurred in this project are minimal, simply because all work can be carried out in house and all products purchased at almost cost, although formal training is certainly recommended – something which will need to be outsourced. The new intranet should help to increase the distribution of information and the consistent manner in which employees are able to access the information should in the long term help the new systems to be used effectively. In order to ensure that Lanway obtains the required results, an information audit should be carried out on a yearly basis – thereby identifying any problems that have risen from implementation of were overlooked on previous audits.