Wednesday, August 26, 2020

The marriage cure, inadequate solution of poverty Essay

The marriage fix, deficient arrangement of destitution - Essay Example From old occasions a marriage expected to be the successful apparatus to dispose of neediness. Be that as it may, is it a satisfactory arrangement today Scholarly pundits express various perspectives with respect to the Boo's article message. Some of them guess that the exploration recommending that administrations and people will in general profit by an expansion in marriage rates is now powerful, and don't see a lot of point in being shy about it. Marriage is likely the most cost-productive antipoverty instrument a general public has (Stewart, 2004). The creator concentrates on the trouble which can follow single ladies in marriage surge. The article portrays the issues of two single ladies and the blemish of the foundation marriage toward the start of the 21st century. In the article Boo depicts the real factors of a marriage advancement program and their results for low-pay lady. She stated: Still, the days presently contained enough hours for a sensible lady to worry about her future (Boo, 2003). In one of her meeting Boo contends that: And if, propelled by that teaching, Kim, whose salary was under ten thousand dollars, figures out how to meet and wed a man who makes ten thousand dollars, their joined pay would evacuate them two... Boo scrutinizes the Bush's government assistance change to wipe out neediness by marriage and considers it to be insufficient arrangement giving upheld reasons. A few pundits contend that achievement in the workforce may make ladies progressively free and in this way increasingly specific about the men they will consider wedding. Furthermore, additional time at work implies less an ideal opportunity to seek after connections, particularly for single parents whose time is as of now extended slim (Stewart, 2004).. The significant certainty to note is that destitution is an intricate issue which is hard to explain in one day. Remember the realities referenced by Katherine Boo it is conceivable to state that if this issue of neediness can be unraveled by effective marriage, our general public would not have poor animals searching for more promising times. Race, sexual orientation, familial status, age, and spot of living arrangement are a few however not the entirety of the qualities that improve the danger of living in destitution. Boo gives a striking models appearing differently in relation to those blushing dreams proposed by Bush's organization. She portrays that Kim's yearly salary was: 5,000 dollars, at the same time, aside from ten months when she and her better half initially isolated, she had not gotten government assistance. The kid support should have secured us, however when it quit coming I was unable to bear the cost of a legal counselor (Boo, 2003). The marriage fix is just endurance of time influenced the psyche of many single ladies. Marriage advancement programs, accordingly, must be seen with regards to battered ladies' lives and how destitution and kids influence their dynamic. Most mothers I realize will do anything for their youngsters and this frequently incorporates enduring long periods of savagery and misuse. At the point when you tell a lady who is urgently attempting to keep a rooftop over her head, put food on

Saturday, August 22, 2020

The Lottery by Shirley Jackson Essay Example for Free

The Lottery by Shirley Jackson Essay The Lottery composed by Shirley Jackson recounts to such a story: There is an antiquated customary yearly occasion held in a humble community in America. Any individual who wins the â€Å"lottery† will be battered to the point of death for gather. Tessie is the new unluckier this time, who needs to endure this remorseless and heartless discipline. Seen profoundly, females’ mediocre position is indicated intricately in this novel. Initially, the nickname to females shows that they are in subjection to guys. â€Å"Mrs. Hutchinson came speedily along the way to the square† (Jackson, 2), â€Å"she said to Mrs.  Delacroix† (Jackson, 2), â€Å"Mrs. Dunbar said regretfully† (Jackson, 3). Here â€Å"Mrs. Delacroix†, â€Å"Mrs. Hutchinson† and â€Å"Mrs. Dunbar† all propose that one female can't be an individual being after her marriage, since she must be a piece of her better half by calling her â€Å"Mrs†. When Tessie comes of late, the villager’s addresses that â€Å"Here comes your Missus, Hutchinson† (Jackson, 2) rather than calling her own name additionally shows that she has become a subordinate item for her significant other. Much the same as Lakoff says in his book Language and Womans Place, â€Å"It is with Mrs, Miss, and Mr. Since a noteworthy piece of the feeling one ordinarily frames about a womans character and social station relies upon her conjugal status as isn't the situation with men† (Lakoff, 73). This marvel is normal everywhere throughout the world. Why don’t guys change their monikers like female do? As a matter of fact, the marriage can't transform anything other than the couple’s new relationship and family way of life. So does a female need to bargain to turn into her husband’s chump? Maybe just when she causes achievement to would she be able to be presented as an autonomous person. The individuals who are happy with their the state of affairs are probably going to acknowledge the new auxiliary location. In this way, females’ subjected handles bit by bit become acclimated. Second, the job of being a housewife unwittingly impacts a female’s equivalent option to satisfy her own achievement. In the novel, â€Å"Mrs. Hutchinson came briskly along the way to the square, her sweater tossed over her shoulders†¦ â€Å"Clean overlooked what day it was,† she said to Mrs. Delacroix†¦She dried her hands on her apron†¦Wouldnt have me leave mdishes in the sink, presently, okay, Joe? † (Jackson, 3) Tessie’s words and the demonstration of â€Å"drying her hands on her apron† recommend the female’s low social situation around then. Clearly, in the event that she doesn't â€Å"win the lottery†, her next work is to surge home and serve suppers for the family, since the conventional distribution of family jobs has died down into a set up accepted practice: when a lady is hitched, she will surrender her vocation and assume the job of a housewife, central core. So in what capacity can a female have more opportunity to accomplish something increasingly conspicuous satisfaction since she has been restricted into such circumstance? It’s no big surprise that females don't share the equivalent situation to plan something progressively important for some degree. Much the same as Journalist Ruth Franklin captioned her 2010 piece in The New Republic: â€Å"On Shirley Jackson and the test of being both a mother and a writer† (p. 1). She says, â€Å"In the 1950s, the same amount of as now, ladies can possibly compose when the infant rests, or while the kids are at school, or after the dishes are done and the snacks are stuffed and the house is, finally, calm. This kind of coordinations has consistently worked with productivity, when the lady comprehends that regardless of how easily the considerations are streaming, they should stop when the school transport comes. It functions as an abdication to frustration† (FRANKLIN, 2010). It’s simple to see that Shirley Jackson’s composing vocation is to some degree impacted obviously due to her female character. Being both as a mother and a spouse, she needs to view her careerâ€writing as the optional crucial the family. The humiliating circumstance she confronted is connected with any females around then. Along these lines, the job of being a housewife unwittingly impacts a female’s equivalent option to satisfy her own achievement. Third, females don’t have the ability to decide. As it is appeared in the novel, guys oversee all the undertakings, â€Å"The lottery was led by Mr. Summers; The postmaster, Mr. Graves conveyed a three-legged stool; Mr. Martin†¦ approached to hold the case consistent on the stool† (Jackson, 1). Three most influential men command the entire town strategically and monetarily. â€Å"There were the rundowns to make up of heads of families, heads of family units in each family† (Jackson 2), which proposes the male’s prevailing situation in a family. In addition, â€Å"Dunbar’s spouse subbed him to draw the lottery since he had broken his leg, yet Mr. Summers asked whether she had a developed kid to do it† (Jackson, 2) likewise shows that the oddity of a female to do such an essencial and definitive thing. At long last, Tessie’s passing is another proof to show that female isn't just substandard, however a casualty in that disastrous social condition. Reserving no privileges to decide, females fate to be chosen as opposed to choosing. Therefore, the female’s substandard position has framed. In a world, females’ substandard position is demonstrated intricately in The Lottery. Their sobriquets, their family division of the work and their no capacity to settle on choices all showcase the mediocre situation of females.

Beowulf and Grendel Essay

The movement utilized for the film, Beowulf was essentially sublime. I thought the characters were human however sooner or later, I saw that they move contrastingly so I discovered that it was really a movement caught film, similar to the ones utilized in Polar Express and Monster House. The impacts were acceptable, and the characters truly resembled the entertainers who played them. It’s astounding what innovation can do nowadays. Concerning the story, I think a few scenes are extremely savage and severe. Like the part when Grendel, the beast, tore the head of one of the troopers and ate it, it was nauseating. A few sections were additionally evaluated PG. ut by and large, I think the plot was acceptable. The character of Beowulf was fearless and bold. From the earliest starting point of the story, we would already be able to tell that he is a saint and that he rehearses the code of respect (whatever that is). He was happy to forfeit himself to spare his kin and the realm. I think he is additionally savvy as the lord. He didn’t battle the fighter who was attempting to murder him, rather, send him off saying â€Å"He has a story to tell†. Be that as it may, the heroes likewise have some low qualities. For one, he didn’t think about the results when he yielded to Grendel’s mother’s propels. He additionally deceived lord Hrothgar and his kin when he disclosed to them that he slaughtered Grendel’s mother. He did all that just with the goal that he could have riches and the crown. I likewise didn’t like the way that he took a special lady, when his better half was still there. I think Queen Wealtheow is a shrewd and wonderful sovereign, what more might he be able to request? Additionally, I think Ursula, the mistress, didn’t truly love Beowulf. She was simply submitting herself to him since he is obviously, the lord. I think the chronicled precision was acceptable, the outfit and the conventions; they even had the correct accents.

Friday, August 21, 2020

Motocross Free Essays

Did you know Motocross is believed to be the most famous sort of cruiser dashing? It was set up in Europe during the 1930’s and over some undefined time frame it got well known all over the world. The game is comprised of forty riders that contend on a similar track at once. An expert race will last around thirty minutes and a novice race will last around 5 minutes. We will compose a custom exposition test on Motocross or then again any comparative point just for you Request Now My name is travis staubs and I have hustled motocross for a long time of my life. Today I’m going to converse with you about the significance of preparing for security, how to work the bicycle, a few hints for you to appreciate hustling. First you will require the best possible rigging and that incorporates: boots, knee cushions or supports, chest defender, a cap, goggles, gloves, and the hustling pullover and dashing jeans. That rigging will help shield anybody from truly getting harmed. Hitting the ground isn’t fun when you don't have any insurance on. Second, you have to ensure your bicycle is prepared to ride. Your bicycle should be loaded up with fuel, have perfect measure of oil, your spokes should be fix, and the brakes work, extremely simply the essential upkeep. Prior to beginning the bicycle, you have to ensure the gas is on and the stifle is on since you havent began the bicycle in some time. and afterward haul the show starter out and kick down on the kick starter a couple of times and the bicycle should begin. When the bicycle has begun, set the hold back in and let the motor warm up. It shouldn’t take that long for the bicycle to get warm. When its warm, trust on the bicycle and ensure you have all your rigging on. Pull the cluth in and click down on the apparatus shitfer. The cluth is on the handle bars infront of your left hand. In any case, don't pull the throttle right back and take off , you will unleash. You need to back out the grip and have little gas to take off. To change gears and to go quicker you need mid rpms and once you would you like to pull the grip in and change the gear shitfer up to switch gears and when you click down, you go into low apparatuses for low speeds. Here are a few hints for you:Try to ride constantly. The more you ride the quicker and better you getDo not center around attempting to be great. Nobody is ideal simply chip away at little pieces one after another. For example, elbows up, look forward, come into the turns, great line slections, and when you hear somebody coming up behind you, don't go over the track, stay where you are on the grounds that their going to circumvent you. Bicycle set up. Bars in a comfortable position not to high or too low and like I said before regarding the support. Its everything about making some great memories so simply make some great memories and don’t propel yourself excessively hard. The most effective method to refer to Motocross, Papers Motocross Free Essays Great morning class. The subject of my IA is motocross however today I will talk explicitly on the point â€Å"The advancement of motocross as a built up sport†. What is motocross?†¦. We will compose a custom article test on Motocross or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now Motocross is characterized as a coordinated cruiser race over a shut open air course comprising of a winding soil trail with slopes, bounces, sharp turns, and regularly sloppy landscape. This game began in Britain as a rough terrain occasion called scrambling. The main realized scramble occurred at Camberley, Surrey in 1924. The soonest bikes were minimal more than bikes with little inward burning motors connected. During these early years individuals here and there, utilized the tracks worked for bike dashing for scrambling occasions. These early scrambling occasions were utilized to show case cruisers entered by producers to plug their image similarly they do today. By the late 1920’s â€Å"Scrambling† had gotten well known in both Britain and France. The French added new measurements to the game, they abbreviated the tracks included laps and man made deterrents, for example, hops. They likewise changed the name to what it is known as today†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Motocross which is a mix of bike and crosscountry. The bicycles utilized for motocross during the late 1920’s were fundamentally the same as those utilized in the city around then, for example, Harley Davidson’s and Indians, which had inflexible edges. By the 1930’s these then offered approach to outlines containing suspension and further developed swinging fork back suspension by the mid 1950’s. As indicated by the FIM motocross went worldwide in 1947 when the Dutch national bike league facilitated an opposition called the motocross des countries for national groups on a bequest in the Netherlands. Three nations were entered in the main year of the opposition they were Great Britain, The Netherlands, and Belgium. The riders contended in races comprising of two warms every one of eight laps, over a two mile circuit. Scoring was finished by registering the all out occasions of the best three riders from every national group. The British who were spoken to by, Bill Nicholson, Fred Rist, and Ray Scovell riding 500cc bicycles made by the British Small arms organization won the opposition, beating the Belgians by just 9 seconds. The prevalence of the occasion was appeared to have incredibly improved as the second organizing of the occasion in Belgium pulled in thirty thousand observers. The British kept on indicating their strength in the game as they proceeded to win the motocross des countries multiple times in the initial twenty years of the occasion. In 1952 the FIM (Federation Internationale de Motocyclisme), the motorcycling’s worldwide overseeing body, made an individual European Championship, and afterward overhauled it to a World Championship title in 1957. In 1962 a youthful architect in East Germany Walter Kaaden, made an innovative advancement that significantly improved the two-stroke motor and its helpfulness which thus â€Å"revolutionized† the bike business. His revelation was that of the rule of the extension chamber, which when appropriately molded, in a split second expanded the intensity of a two stroke motor by more than 25 percent. This gave the 2 stroke motor a capacity to weight proportion that handily surpassed the 4-stroke motor. Another advantage of the 2 stroke motor was that it was less convoluted and a lot less expensive to mass produce. Because of this numerous mechanical countries including Germany, Czechoslovakia, Great Britain, Sweden, Spain, and Japan immediately grasped the new innovation. As motor structure and force improved rivalry for 250cc cruisers the class wherein 2 strokes played out their best, started to pick up in prevalence and in 1962 the FIM made a 250cc big showdown. Because of the presentation of the 250cc class the development of motocross during the 1970s was nothing not exactly a motorsport upset. The development of motocross when estimated by the quantity of American bike affiliation authorized occasions grew one hundred overlap somewhere in the range of 1965 and 1975. In the 1980’s the game grew much more in the US, the 250cc class experienced the decade and in 1985 the East/West 125cc class which was made for the more youthful less experienced riders was framed. During the 1990’s the 250 class stayed at the center of attention, with the principle concentrate currently moving from Europe where motocross had been progressively well known, to the USA, where riders, for example, Jeremy McGrath and Jeff Stanton reliably ruled the game. Today, because of the progressions and accomplishments in the realm of motocross it has took into account the world to remember it as a set up sport where many have exceeded expectations and indicated significance †¦. people, for example, Jeremy McGrath, Ricky Carmichael, and James Stewart are probably the best names related with the game of motocross. Instructions to refer to Motocross, Essay models

Welcome to the new blog! COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Welcome to the new blog! COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The pictures are bigger. The colors are brighter. The layout is more responsive. Its the Admissions Blog of your dreams! Welcome to the new blog. I  hope youre as thrilled with our redesign as we all are.  If youll recall the old blog, it was stagnantly old-school looking. Nobody liked it, and thats understandable. So we changed it! (Drag the arrows in the image below to see the before and after makeover!) As you take a  look around at the new SIPA MIA/MPA Admissions Blog,  I hope that it reminds you of a site you already enjoy.  I decided to mimic the look of the SIPA websitesimilar fonts, a featured-content slider, and a user-friendly navigation menu. At the top of the page, youll see our navigation menu. Under  About This Blog, youll find our mission statement, and a list of contributors. We also link you back to  the Application Page  via  Important Links  and Apply Now.  And if youre interested in reading more about a particular subject, just send us an email via  Submit An Idea.  Ill personally get the request, and will be sure to put your inquiry in our top-priority list. On the right-hand side of most pages, youll notice  Upcoming Deadlines, Recent Posts,  and even our  Instagram account (!), which will help keep you informed on important reminders and  content related to the admissions process. And if you ever forget our email address or physical address, just scroll to the bottom on any page to quickly reference our contact information. Oh, and please make sure you subscribe to the new blog by entering your email address in the Subscribe  bar on the right-hand side. (If you received this post in an email, then you dont have to re-subscribe.)  Since its technically a new blog,  were using a new subscription service. Thus,  to stay informed on upcoming events, student life, and the admissions process, dont forget to subscribe today! I look forward to bringing you some exciting content this summer. If you have any  comments about the new blog, please feel free to  Submit An Idea. Kaitlyn Wells, Assistant Director of Admissions, SIPA

Welcome to the new blog! COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Welcome to the new blog! COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The pictures are bigger. The colors are brighter. The layout is more responsive. Its the Admissions Blog of your dreams! Welcome to the new blog. I  hope youre as thrilled with our redesign as we all are.  If youll recall the old blog, it was stagnantly old-school looking. Nobody liked it, and thats understandable. So we changed it! (Drag the arrows in the image below to see the before and after makeover!) As you take a  look around at the new SIPA MIA/MPA Admissions Blog,  I hope that it reminds you of a site you already enjoy.  I decided to mimic the look of the SIPA websitesimilar fonts, a featured-content slider, and a user-friendly navigation menu. At the top of the page, youll see our navigation menu. Under  About This Blog, youll find our mission statement, and a list of contributors. We also link you back to  the Application Page  via  Important Links  and Apply Now.  And if youre interested in reading more about a particular subject, just send us an email via  Submit An Idea.  Ill personally get the request, and will be sure to put your inquiry in our top-priority list. On the right-hand side of most pages, youll notice  Upcoming Deadlines, Recent Posts,  and even our  Instagram account (!), which will help keep you informed on important reminders and  content related to the admissions process. And if you ever forget our email address or physical address, just scroll to the bottom on any page to quickly reference our contact information. Oh, and please make sure you subscribe to the new blog by entering your email address in the Subscribe  bar on the right-hand side. (If you received this post in an email, then you dont have to re-subscribe.)  Since its technically a new blog,  were using a new subscription service. Thus,  to stay informed on upcoming events, student life, and the admissions process, dont forget to subscribe today! I look forward to bringing you some exciting content this summer. If you have any  comments about the new blog, please feel free to  Submit An Idea. Kaitlyn Wells, Assistant Director of Admissions, SIPA

Friday, June 26, 2020

Dickens Childhood in A Christmas Carol - Free Essay Example

One of the most successful writers in Victorian era who is well known for his timeless holiday novel, A Christmas Carol. Charles Dickens childhood influences the central themes of his novels because growing up Dickens had to learn how to fend for himself and his struggles shadowed what his novels were about. A Christmas Carol, one of Charles Dickens all time classic, tells a tale of an old man named, Ebenezer Scrooge who doesnt believe in the jolly spirits of Christmas because his greed for money weathers his soul. Jacob Marley is Ebenezer Scrooges deceased business partner that was just as selfish and greedy as Scrooge. He comes back as a ghost on the nights before Christmas to warn Scrooge that he will be visited by three different ghosts on three different nights to convince him to become someone a selfless person, and if he does not change his ways then he will suffer the fate of being chained up and wandering the earth as punishment for his arrogant ways. If they would rather die, they had better do it, and decrease the surplus population. (Dickens, 9) Furthermore, there could be assumptions made between this story and the author because growing up the rich back in the day were selfish and never gave back to the economy. Charles Dickens was born on February 7, 1812 and his family was considered in the lower class. By the time he was age 12, he was already out on his own looking for jobs that were hard labor with minimum pay. He would walk several miles to get to work and he would only be able to see his family during the weekends. This portion of his life helped shape the writer into what he is known for today. His fictional tales about corruption, neglection, and orphaned children is where he captures the attention of readers. All in all, the theme for this essay will be interpreting how the consequences of greed will get the better of Ebenezer Scrooge and how greed effects people present-day. In the beginning of the novel, it is Christmas Eve and Ebenezer Scrooge is at his house/business working. Scrooge is known as the nasty, mean, cheap old man in the town because he does not care for anyone else. This is shown when Scrooge refuses to add more coal into the fireplace to warm up the office where he clearly sees his only worker Bob Cratchit shivering while filing papers. Clearly Scrooge has no heart for other people because hed rather let them suffer and do his dirty work for him while he benefits from it. Then a young man comes in greeting Scrooge a Merry Christmas which ends up being Scrooges nephew, Fred Scrooge. Fred has come by to invite his uncle to a Christmas dinner. Bah! Humbug. Scrooge replies. (Dickens, 4) That implies that he was disgusted with the idea of Christmas cheer. After that event, hes approached by a group of gentlemen comes by his office and they ask Scrooge if he wants to donate money to charity to support the poor. Scrooge rudely tells these gentl emen that he would only give money to prisons and other businesses and basically says Christmas is just a time to slow down businesses. Scrooges greediness and personality tells the reader that even the thought of giving money to help others irks him and Christmas to him is just a wasted day to not make money. Today, times are not as hard as it was back in the 1800s but greed is still a social issue. For example, a lot of people have access to food stamps or health care from the government and instead of helping others that are more deserving they sell them over the internet to get financial gains. Greed is still an issue today because its easy to be greedy, taking advantage of certain situations and then not having to do anything in return can feel satisfying. Everyone once in their life has been greedy before, people either learn from it and realize what theyre doing is wrong or they will continue being a greedy person and turn them into a bad person, but in the end their actions will catch up to them. Furthermore, A Christmas Carol illustrates a solid example of what happens to Ebenezer Scrooge if he had not taken advice from the ghosts that had visited him all those nights. The first night hes visited by the Ghost of Christmas Past, the ghost takes Scrooge on a trip to when he was younger and each scene hes taken to shows when Scrooge was filled with love and joy. Hes even seen his younger sister Fan, whom is the mother of his nephew Fred. Overwhelmed by the experience of his past life Scrooge gets emotional and tells the ghost to take him back. Reflecting upon his past made it hard for Scrooge because he faintly realizes that his lust for money and fortune has made him forget about Belle, his ex-fiance who left him due to greed corrupting their love. The second night hes visited by the Ghost of Christmas Present, he takes Scrooge on different trips to show him all the lives of the people who are poor. The spirit and Scrooge stop by Bob Cratchits house where theyre preparing a Christmas dinner, everyone there looks poor and Scrooge is emotionally attached to Bobs crippled son, Tiny Tim. He asks the spirit if Tim is going to make it, the spirit shows him the Cratchits family next year at Christmas with an empty seat. They proceed to go on to other Christmas functions, even his nephew Freds, where Scrooge was entertaining himself. Are there no prisons? Are there no workhouses? (Dickens, 72). The ghost taunts Scrooge for saying this earlier to the groups of gentlemen whom were asking for donation, implying that the poor should be living in prisons because Scrooge wanted the poor to be nowhere near him. Overall, the Ghost of Christmas Present was to show how Scrooges greed effected the people in his town, he wanted Scrooge to feel empathetic for the people that must work for what they earn. Currently, even though there are no that law can necessarily protect people from greed. There are situations where the wealthy or businesses greed treat the poor unfairly. For instance, untrustworthy banks hand out their customers mortgages that they know they dont have enough money to pay for, to produce funds and foreclose their homes. Again, associating the wealthy as being greedy and selfish, the Victorian era and modern-day society might not be so different. On the other hand, not all wealthy people are greedy some of which donate to the community. They do this because theyve been through the struggles to get from rags to riches, they understand what its like to have to work hard and overcome obstacles, and by helping those in need it betters the community. Lastly, Scrooge is then visited by the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come (Future) and the ghost is dressed like a reaper. Charles Dickens illustrates the ghost like this, so he can represent death or fear. The ghost takes Scrooge on a trip to several places where each of the characters at the location are talking about how glad or relieved they are that this old man has died. They even stop by the Cratchits house where Tiny Tim was no longer with them. Scrooge asks the ghost who this old unforgiving man they were talking about was, and the reaper takes Scrooge to a graveyard where the head stone labeled: Ebenezer Scrooge. Shocked by this Scrooge begs for the ghost to take him back home and promises that he will admire Christmas and learn from all the mistakes hes made from all three ghosts. Mens courses will foreshadow certain ends, to which, if preserved in, they must lead, (Dickens, 90) Scrooge said this because he finally realized that his greedy choices will be the reason he will be suffering the same fate as Jacob Marley.